ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2010
Micron-scale holes terminate the phage infection cycle.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers.
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Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- A novel phage encoding host defense modulators demonstrates in-vivo therapeutic efficacy against carbapenem-resistant E. coli ST1432.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Article
- Phage N4 uses a SAR endolysin-holin system for host cell lysis.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Molecular mechanisms of precise timing in cell lysis.Biophysical journal · 2024Article
- Bacteriophage-encoded protein utilization in bacterial ghost production: a mini-review.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2024Review
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- Yersinia entomophaga Tc toxin is released by T10SS-dependent lysis of specialized cell subpopulations.Nature microbiology · 2024Article
- Hybrid Vigor: Importance of Hybrid λ Phages in Early Insights in Molecular Biology.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2022Review
- Cloning and Characterization of a Thermostable Endolysin of Bacteriophage TP-84 as a Potential Disinfectant and Biofilm-Removing Biological Agent.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- The Use of Bacteriophages in Biotechnology and Recent Insights into Proteomics.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Functional Dissection of P1 Bacteriophage Holin-like Proteins Reveals the Biological Sense of P1 Lytic System Complexity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Bacteriophage-encoded lethal membrane disruptors: Advances in understanding and potential applications.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Review
- Review
- Article
- Bacteriophage Proteome: Insights and Potentials of an Alternate to Antibiotics.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2021Review
- Bursting out: linking changes in nanotopography and biomechanical properties of biofilm-forming Escherichia coli to the T4 lytic cycle.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2021Article
- Biological Characterization and Evolution of Bacteriophage T7-△holin During the Serial Passage Process.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Structural Dynamics and Topology of the Inactive Form of SThe journal of physical chemistry. B · 2020Article
- Active SBiochimica et biophysica acta. Biomembranes · 2020Article
- How Phages Overcome the Challenges of Drug Resistant Bacteria in Clinical Infections.Infection and drug resistance · 2020Review
- Continuous Wave Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Reveals the Structural Topology and Dynamic Properties of Active Pinholin SThe journal of physical chemistry. B · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Holins are small phage-encoded proteins that accumulate harmlessly in the cytoplasmic membrane during the infection cycle until suddenly, at an allele-specific time, triggering to form lethal lesions, or "holes." In the phages lambda and T4, the holes have been shown to be large enough to allow release of prefolded active endolysin from the cytoplasm, which results in destruction of the cell wall, followed by lysis within seconds. Here, the holes caused by S105, the lambda-holin, have been captured in vivo by cryo-EM. Surprisingly, the scale of the holes is at least an order of magnitude greater than any previously described membrane channel, with an average diameter of 340 nm and some exceeding 1 microm. Most cells exhibit only one hole, randomly positioned in the membrane, irrespective of its size. Moreover, on coexpression of holin and endolysin, the degradation of the cell wall leads to spherically shaped cells and a collapsed inner membrane sac. To obtain a 3D view of the hole by cryo-electron tomography, we needed to reduce the average size of the cells significantly. By taking advantage of the coupling of bacterial cell size and growth rate, we achieved an 80% reduction in cell mass by shifting to succinate minimal medium for inductions of the S105 gene. Cryotomographic analysis of the holes revealed that they were irregular in shape and showed no evidence of membrane invagination. The unexpected scale of these holes has implications for models of holin function.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.