ReviewImmunology2009
Toll-like receptors--sentries in the B-cell response.
Review in Immunology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 131 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
131 citing papers in PubMed, 238 citations in OpenAlex.
- TLR9 agonist MGN1703 enhances B cell differentiation and function in lymph nodes.EBioMedicine · 2019Trial
- Toll-like receptor 3 expression and function in childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2015Trial
- Enhanced Human Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses Using In Vitro 3D Tonsil Cultures Containing Stromal Cells.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Systemic translocation ofJournal of virology · 2026Article
- Identification and evaluation of tumor pyroptosis-associated antigens for design a vaccine candidate against lung cancer.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Structural dynamics and immunogenicity of the recombinant and outer membrane vesicle-embedded Meningococcal antigen NadA.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Integrated single cell multiomic profiling and functional validation reveal distinct cellular routes to human plasma cell differentiation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Neonatal CD19Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The role of mucosal immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of immunoglobulin A nephropathy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- PPE18 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis downregulates LPS-induced IgG production by inhibiting nitric oxide synthesis.Journal of biosciences · 2026Article
- Commensal Bacteria Drive B-cell Lymphomagenesis in the Setting of Innate Immunodeficiency.Blood cancer discovery · 2025Article
- Enhancing antitumor immunity through the combination of cholesterolized TLR7 agonist liposomes and radiotherapy: a role for IL-1β and the inflammasome pathway.Cancer communications (London, England) · 2025Article
- B cells upregulate NMDARs, respond to extracellular glutamate, and express mature BDNF to protect the brain from ischemic injury.Neurobiology of disease · 2025Article
- The Role of CXCL4 in Systemic Sclerosis: DAMP, Auto-Antigen and Biomarker.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Lipoprotein Signal Peptide as Adjuvants: Leveraging Lipobox-Driven TLR2 Activation in Modern Vaccine Design.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: A Versatile Therapeutic Approach for Cancer, Autoimmune Disorders, GVHD and COVID-19.Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- PI3Kγ in B cells promotes antibody responses and generation of antibody-secreting cells.Nature immunology · 2024Article
- Article
- MiR-574-5p activates human TLR8 to promote autoimmune signaling and lupus.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Article
- B cells mediate lung ischemia/reperfusion injury by recruiting classical monocytes via synergistic B cell receptor/TLR4 signaling.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Article
71 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a central role in the initiation of the innate immune response to pathogens. Upon recognition of molecular motifs specific for microbial molecules TLR mediate pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and enhance antigen presentation; in B cells they further promote expansion, class switch recombination and immunoglobulin secretion. As a result of their adjuvant properties, TLR ligands have become an integral component of antimicrobial vaccines. In spite of this, little is known of the direct effects of TLR engagement on B-lymphocyte function. The scope of this review is to outline the differences in TLR expression and reactivity in murine and human B-cell subsets and to provide an overview of the currently available literature. We will further discuss the possible roles of TLR in regulating B-cell effector functions and shaping antibody-mediated defence against microbial pathogens in vivo.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.