Trial reportNeuropsychology2010
A cross-sectional study of hormone treatment and hippocampal volume in postmenopausal women: evidence for a limited window of opportunity.
Trial report in Neuropsychology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of menopause hormone therapy on risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Pooled it
- Lifespan exposure to hormone therapies and structural brain morphometry in older women.NeuroImage · 2026Trial
- Differences in verbal memory performance in postmenopausal women receiving hormone therapy: 17β-estradiol versus conjugated equine estrogens.The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry · 2011Trial
- Perimenopausal use of hormone therapy is associated with enhanced memory and hippocampal function later in life.Brain research · 2011Trial
- Early midlife ovarian removal is associated with lower posterior hippocampal function.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Age- and sex-related differences in landmark recall following a virtual spatial navigation task.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Estrogen, menopause, and Alzheimer's disease: understanding the link to cognitive decline in women.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Review
- Investigating the synergistic effects of hormone replacement therapy, apolipoprotein E and age on brain health in the UK Biobank.Human brain mapping · 2024Article
- Women's Brain Health: Midlife Ovarian Removal Affects Associative Memory.Molecular neurobiology · 2023Article
- Subcortical Volume Changes in Early Menopausal Women and Correlation With Neuropsychological Tests.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2021Article
- Estrogen, brain structure, and cognition in postmenopausal women.Human brain mapping · 2021Article
- The Relation of Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) Serum Level to Sub-Domain Cognitive Functions of Indonesian Schizophrenia Patients Measured by MoCA-Ina.Open access Macedonian journal of medical sciences · 2019Article
- Chronic estradiol exposure - harmful effects on behavior, cardiovascular and reproductive functions.Reproduction (Cambridge, England) · 2018Review
- Aberrant Cerebral Activity in Early Postmenopausal Women: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2018Article
- Left hippocampus-amygdala complex macro- and microstructural variation is associated with BDNF plasma levels in healthy elderly individuals.Brain and behavior · 2015Article
- Effects of hormone therapy on cognition and mood.Fertility and sterility · 2014Review
- Functional and molecular neuroimaging of menopause and hormone replacement therapy.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2014Review
- Critical window hypothesis of hormone therapy and cognition: a scientific update on clinical studies.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2013Review
- Review
- Perimenopause and cognition.Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America · 2011Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The influence of hormone treatment on brain and cognition in postmenopausal women has been a controversial topic. Contradictory patterns of results have prompted speculation that a critical period, or limited window of opportunity, exists for hormone treatment to protect against neurocognitive. In this cross-sectional study of 102 postmenopausal women, we examined whether hippocampal, amygdala, or caudate nucleus volumes and spatial memory performance were related to the interval between menopause and the initiation of hormone treatment. Consistent with a critical period hypothesis, we found that shorter intervals between menopause and the initiation of hormone treatment were associated with larger hippocampal volumes compared with longer intervals between menopause and treatment initiation. Initiation of hormone treatment at the time of menopause was also associated with larger hippocampal volumes when compared with peers who had never used hormone treatment. Furthermore, these effects were independent from potentially confounding factors such as age, years of education, the duration of hormone treatment, current or past use of hormone therapy, the type of therapy, and age at menopause. Larger hippocampal volumes in women who initiated hormone treatment at the time of menopause failed to translate to improved spatial memory performance. There was no relationship between timing of hormone initiation, spatial memory performance, and amygdala or caudate nucleus volume. Our results provide support for a limited window of opportunity for hormone treatment to influence hippocampal volume, yet the degree to which these effects translate to improved memory performance is uncertain.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.