ReviewClinical reviews in allergy & immunology2011
The unexplained female predominance of systemic lupus erythematosus: clues from genetic and cytokine studies.
Review in Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 157 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
157 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 290 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk of stroke in SLE: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lupus science & medicine · 2026Pooled it
- A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Natural Biomedicines for Immune-Mediated and Inflammatory Dermatologic Diseases.Clinical drug investigation · 2025Pooled it
- Regional variations in serum IL-35 levels and association with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Association of HLA-DR1, HLA-DR13, and HLA-DR16 Polymorphisms with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Meta-Analysis.Journal of immunology research · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Interventions for cutaneous disease in systemic lupus erythematosus.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Patients with asthma have a higher risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical rheumatology · 2021Pooled it
- Genetic variation near IRF8 is associated with serologic and cytokine profiles in systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis.Genes and immunity · 2013Pooled it
- Phenomic profiles and disease patterns of 1.9 million participants from Our Future Health.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Mortality Among Decedents Aged ≥15 Years-United States, 2018-2023.Arthritis care & research · 2026Article
- Suspected shrinking lung syndrome: a rare pulmonary manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus-a case-based review of an underrecognized condition.Rheumatology international · 2026Review
- Integrative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Impaired Oligodendrocyte Maturation and Myelination Signature in the Hippocampus of a Murine Model of Neuropsychiatric Lupus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Article
- The DHCQ/HCQ metabolic ratio and CYP2C8 Genotype are associated with lipid profile improvement in systemic lupus erythematosus patients treated with hydroxychloroquine.Arthritis research & therapy · 2026Article
- Evolution with age of the relationship between sex and post-COVID symptoms: a population-based cohort study.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- [Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2026Article
- Knockdown of the long isoform of the prolactin receptor selectively targets pathogenic immune cells in systemic lupus erythematosus and averts glomerular pathology.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Clinicopathological correlation in lupus nephritis: a 5-year tertiary center experience using International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society classification.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Article
- The X Factor in Immunity: Sex Differences Shaped by the X Chromosome.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- SCARF1 deficiency exacerbates gut inflammation and autoimmune pathology.Scientific reports · 2026Article
97 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Despite recent progress in the understanding of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the striking 9:1 female to male ratio of disease incidence remains largely unexplained. In addition, peak SLE incidence rates occur during the early reproductive years in women. Studies which illuminate potential causes underlying this sex difference and characteristic onset during the reproductive years have the potential to fundamentally advance our understanding of disease pathogenesis in SLE. Similarly, progress in this area will likely inform human reproductive immunology. Studies of sex hormone function in the immune system are of obvious importance; however, it seems likely that many other types of sex-related genetic and immunological differences will contribute to SLE. In this review, we will focus on recent work in sex-related differences in cytokine pathways and genetics of these pathways as they relate to SLE pathogenesis. It seems quite possible that many of these sex-related differences could be important to reproductive fitness, which may explain the conservation of these immune system features and the observed female predominance of SLE.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.