Evidence map›Paper›PMID 20060022›Full record

ReviewBehavioural brain research2011

The cholinergic system and Parkinson disease.

Nicolaas I Bohnen, Roger L Albin

Registry-linked trialOpen access · greenAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Behavioural brain research, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01341080 (Varenicline for the Treatment of Postural and Gait Dysfunction in Parkinson Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 265 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
265citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
19.9field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT01341080 phase2completednot on this map

Varenicline for the Treatment of Postural and Gait Dysfunction in Parkinson Disease

TypeinterventionalSponsorRush University Medical CenterRan2010 to 2018Enrolled40ConditionsParkinson DiseaseArmsVarenicline, Sugar pill
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

265 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 548 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Impact of aging on animal models of Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022
    Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Virtual reality for rehabilitation in Parkinson's disease.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2016
    Pooled it
  5. Trial
  6. Trial
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Review
  10. Observational
  11. Parkinson's Disease-Associated Remodeling of SynapticJournal of proteome research · 2026
    Article
  12. Review
  13. Review
  14. Review
  15. Biological classification of memory clinic patients.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2026
    Article
  16. What is new in Freezing of Gait?Journal of neurology · 2026
    Review
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Dissociating dopaminergic and nondopaminergic motor loads in Parkinson's disease: clinical correlates, non-motor interactions, and quality-of-life implications.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026
    Article
  20. Article

205 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Nicolaas I BohnenDepartment of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. nbohnen@umich.edu
Roger L Albin
University of Michigan–Ann Arbor · US

Funding

Tomography and Data AnalysisP01NS015655 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI KOEPPE, ROBERT A · 1985 to 2012
$13.0M
Hyposmia, Cholinergic Denervation and Incipient Cognitive Decline in PDR01NS070856 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI BOHNEN, NICOLAAS IDA · 2010 to 2014
$1.9M
NINDS NIH HHS P01 NS015655NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS070856
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Although Parkinson disease (PD) is viewed traditionally as a motor syndrome secondary to nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation, recent studies emphasize non-motor features. Non-motor comorbidities, such as cognitive impairment, are likely the result of an intricate interplay of multi-system degenerations and neurotransmitter deficiencies extending beyond the loss of dopaminergic nigral neurons. The pathological hallmark of parkinsonian dementia is the presence of extra-nigral Lewy bodies that can be accompanied by other pathologies, such as senile plaques. Lewy first identified the eponymous Lewy body in neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nbM), the source of cholinergic innervation of the cerebral cortex. Although cholinergic denervation is recognized as a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer disease (AD), in vivo neuroimaging studies reveal loss of cerebral cholinergic markers in parkinsonian dementia similar to or more severe than in prototypical AD. Imaging studies agree with post-mortem evidence suggesting that basal forebrain cholinergic system degeneration appears early in PD and worsens coincident with the appearance of dementia. Early cholinergic denervation in PD without dementia appears to be heterogeneous and may make specific contributions to the PD clinical phenotype. Apart from well-known cognitive and behavioral deficits, central, in particular limbic, cholinergic denervation may be associated with progressive deficits of odor identification in PD. Recent evidence indicates also that subcortical cholinergic denervation, probably due to degeneration of brainstem pedunculopontine nucleus neurons, may relate to the presence of dopamine non-responsive gait and balance impairments, including falls, in PD.

Indexed as

BiomarkersBrain StemCholinergic FibersHumansLewy Body DiseaseModels, NeurologicalNeurodegenerative DiseasesParkinson DiseasePositron-Emission TomographyProsencephalonBiomarkers

Identifiers

PMID20060022
PMCPMC2888997
OpenAlexW2087598124

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.