ReviewReviews in medical virology2010
Enteroviruses, type 1 diabetes and hygiene: a complex relationship.
Review in Reviews in medical virology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 70 citations in OpenAlex.
- Nanomedicine targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in autoimmune diseases: breaking conventional barriers to restore immune tolerance.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2025Review
- Development of systemic and mucosal immune responses against gut microbiota in early life and implications for the onset of allergies.Frontiers in allergy · 2024Review
- Novel Biomarkers of Inflammation for the Management of Diabetes: Immunoglobulin-Free Light Chains.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Inflammatory perturbations in early life long-lastingly shape the transcriptome and TCR repertoire of the first wave of regulatory T cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Type 1 Diabetes: Interferons and the Aftermath of Pancreatic Beta-Cell Enteroviral Infection.Microorganisms · 2020Review
- Type 1 diabetes pathogenesis and the role of inhibitory receptors in islet tolerance.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2020Review
- Viruses and Autoimmunity: A Review on the Potential Interaction and Molecular Mechanisms.Viruses · 2019Review
- Mining the Virome for Insights into Type 1 Diabetes.DNA and cell biology · 2018Review
- Enterovirus and type 1 diabetes: What is the matter?World journal of diabetes · 2015Review
- Luminex and other multiplex high throughput technologies for the identification of, and host response to, environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes.BioMed research international · 2015Review
- Rotavirus acceleration of murine type 1 diabetes is associated with a T helper 1-dependent specific serum antibody response and virus effects in regional lymph nodes.Diabetologia · 2013Article
- Influence of the vitamin D plasma level and vitamin D-related genetic polymorphisms on the immune status of patients with type 1 diabetes: a pilot study.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2013Article
- Article
- Rodent models for investigating the dysregulation of immune responses in type 1 diabetes.Journal of diabetes research · 2013Article
- Infection as a cause of type 1 diabetes?Current opinion in rheumatology · 2012Review
- Dysregulated TLR3-dependent signaling and innate immune activation in superoxide-deficient macrophages from nonobese diabetic mice.Free radical biology & medicine · 2012Article
- Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on type 1 diabetes and viruses: the enterovirus link to type 1 diabetes: critical review of human studies.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2012Review
- Immunology in the clinic review series: focus on type 1 diabetes and viruses: the role of viruses in type 1 diabetes: a difficult dilemma.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2012Review
- Animal models as tools to investigate antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory plants.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2012Article
- Do viral infections protect from or enhance type 1 diabetes and how can we tell the difference?Cellular & molecular immunology · 2011Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mounts an attack on the host's insulin-producing beta cells. Because most cases of T1D cannot be attributed only to individual genetics, it is strongly inferred that there is a significant environmental contribution, such as infection, impacting disease development. The human enteroviruses (HEV) are common picornaviruses often implicated as triggers of human T1D, although precisely which of the numerous HEV may be involved in human T1D development is unknown. Experiments using non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, commonly used to model T1D, show that induction of T1D by HEV infection in NOD mice is a multifactorial process involving both the virus and the host. Interestingly, results demonstrate that HEV infection of NOD mice can also induce long-term protection from T1D under certain conditions, suggesting that a similar mechanism may occur in humans. Based upon both experimental animal and observational human studies, we postulate that HEV have a dual role in T1D development and can either cause or prevent autoimmune disease. Whichever outcome occurs depends upon multiple variables in the host-virus equation, many of which can be deduced from results obtained from NOD mouse studies. We propose that the background to the sharply rising T1D incidences observed in the 20th century correlates with increased levels of hygiene in human societies. Viewing T1D in this perspective suggests that potential preventative options could be developed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.