ArticleInfection and immunity2010
Cryptococcus neoformans variants generated by phenotypic switching differ in virulence through effects on macrophage activation.
Article in Infection and immunity, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Emergence, function, and therapeutic strategies to target the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint during pathogenic fungal infections.Virulence · 2025Review
- Pathogenicity and virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans from an environmental perspective.Virulence · 2025Review
- Similar evolutionary trajectories in an environmentalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Phenotypic Plasticity in the Productions of Virulence Factors Within and Among Serotypes in the Cryptococcus neoformans Species Complex.Mycopathologia · 2022Article
- If looks could kill: Fungal macroscopic morphology and virulence.PLoS pathogens · 2020Review
- Antivirulence and avirulence genes in human pathogenic fungi.Virulence · 2019Review
- Anti-PD-1 Antibody Treatment Promotes Clearance of Persistent Cryptococcal Lung Infection in Mice.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2017Article
- Macrophages Polarized by Expression of ToxoGRA15Frontiers in immunology · 2017Article
- Immunoregulation in Fungal Diseases.Microorganisms · 2016Review
- Local GM-CSF-Dependent Differentiation and Activation of Pulmonary Dendritic Cells and Macrophages Protect against Progressive Cryptococcal Lung Infection in Mice.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2016Article
- Aging as an emergent factor that contributes to phenotypic variation in Cryptococcus neoformans.Fungal genetics and biology : FG & B · 2015Review
- Aging: an emergent phenotypic trait that contributes to the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans.Future microbiology · 2015Article
- Early or late IL-10 blockade enhances Th1 and Th17 effector responses and promotes fungal clearance in mice with cryptococcal lung infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2014Article
- STAT1 signaling is essential for protection against Cryptococcus neoformans infection in mice.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2014Article
- Allergen1 regulates polysaccharide structure in Cryptococcus neoformans.Molecular microbiology · 2013Article
- Induction of protective immunity against cryptococcosis.Mycopathologia · 2012Review
- IL-23 dampens the allergic response to Cryptococcus neoformans through IL-17-independent and -dependent mechanisms.The American journal of pathology · 2012Article
- Paradoxical roles of alveolar macrophages in the host response to Cryptococcus neoformans.Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy · 2012Review
- Regulatory circuitry governing fungal development, drug resistance, and disease.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2011Review
- Expanding fungal pathogenesis: Cryptococcus breaks out of the opportunistic box.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2011Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Macrophages have a central role in the pathogenesis of cryptococcosis since they are an important line of defense, serve as a site for fungal replication, and also can contribute to tissue damage. The objective of this study was to investigate the interaction of macrophages with cells from smooth-colony variants (SM) and mucoid-colony variants (MC) arising from phenotypic switching of Cryptococcus neoformans. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) isolated from SM- and MC-infected mice exhibited differences in gene and surface expression of PD-L1, PD-L2, and major histocompatibility class II (MHC-II). PD-L1 and PD-L2 are the ligands for PD1 and are differentially regulated in Th1- and Th2-type cells. In addition, macrophage activation in SM- and MC-infected mice was characterized as alternatively activated. Flow cytometric and cytokine analysis demonstrated that MC infection was associated with the emergence of Th17 cells and higher levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17) in lung tissue, which were reduced by AM depletion. In conclusion, our results indicate that macrophages play a significant role in maintaining damage-promoting inflammation in the lung during MC infection, which ultimately results in death.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.