ArticlePhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences2010
Defining the limits of flowers: the challenge of distinguishing between the evolutionary products of simple versus compound strobili.
Article in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meristems clarify fuzzy floral boundaries: a commentary on 'Are capitula inflorescences? A reassessment based on flower-like meristem identity and ray flower development'.Annals of botany · 2026Article
- Pseudanthia in angiosperms: a review.Annals of botany · 2023Review
- Blurring the Boundaries between a Branch and a Flower: Potential Developmental Venues in CACTACEAE.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Flower-like heads from flower-like meristems: pseudanthium development in Davidia involucrata (Nyssaceae).Journal of plant research · 2018Article
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- Chloroplast phylogenomics indicates that Ginkgo biloba is sister to cycads.Genome biology and evolution · 2013Article
- Article
- Pollen tube development in two species of Trithuria (Hydatellaceae) with contrasting breeding systems.Sexual plant reproduction · 2012Article
- Cabomba as a model for studies of early angiosperm evolution.Annals of botany · 2011Review
- Is LEAFY a useful marker gene for the flower-inflorescence boundary in the Euphorbia cyathium?Journal of experimental botany · 2011Article
- Conservation and canalization of gene expression during angiosperm diversification accompany the origin and evolution of the flower.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2010Article
- Darwin and the evolution of flowers.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2010Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recent phylogenetic reconstructions suggest that axially condensed flower-like structures evolved iteratively in seed plants from either simple or compound strobili. The simple-strobilus model of flower evolution, widely applied to the angiosperm flower, interprets the inflorescence as a compound strobilus. The conifer cone and the gnetalean 'flower' are commonly interpreted as having evolved from a compound strobilus by extreme condensation and (at least in the case of male conifer cones) elimination of some structures present in the presumed ancestral compound strobilus. These two hypotheses have profoundly different implications for reconstructing the evolution of developmental genetic mechanisms in seed plants. If different flower-like structures evolved independently, there should intuitively be little commonality of patterning genes. However, reproductive units of some early-divergent angiosperms, including the extant genus Trithuria (Hydatellaceae) and the extinct genus Archaefructus (Archaefructaceae), apparently combine features considered typical of flowers and inflorescences. We re-evaluate several disparate strands of comparative data to explore whether flower-like structures could have arisen by co-option of flower-expressed patterning genes into independently evolved condensed inflorescences, or vice versa. We discuss the evolution of the inflorescence in both gymnosperms and angiosperms, emphasising the roles of heterotopy in dictating gender expression and heterochrony in permitting internodal compression.
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