ArticleBlood2010
Perforin activates clathrin- and dynamin-dependent endocytosis, which is required for plasma membrane repair and delivery of granzyme B for granzyme-mediated apoptosis.
Article in Blood, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 74 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
74 citing papers in PubMed, 127 citations in OpenAlex.
- Quantitative Analysis of Plasmid DNA Distribution and Transgene Expression Following Cell Squeezing.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- TOLLIP targets GSDME-NT-carrying endocytic vesicles for autophagy to regulate pyroptosis and chemotherapy efficacy.Nature cell biology · 2026Article
- Precision livestock farming and integrated molecular profiling reveal heat-stress resilience signatures in Marchigiana cattle.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Cytotoxic T Cells: Kill, Memorize, and Mask to Maintain Immune Homeostasis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Cancer ATF4-mediated CD58 endocytosis impairs anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Single-cell mRNA analysis and surface marker expression profiling of circulating immune cells in humans with alpha-gal syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Regulating the balance between GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis and CHMP4B-dependent cell repair attenuates calcium oxalate kidney stone formation.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Article
- The antitumor effect of extracellular vesicles derived from cytokine-activated CD8+ T cells.Journal of leukocyte biology · 2024Article
- Article
- Plasma membrane repair empowers the necrotic survivors as innate immune modulators.Seminars in cell & developmental biology · 2024Review
- Wound Repair of the Cell Membrane: Lessons fromCells · 2024Review
- Natural infection of hybrid sturgeon (Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Exploiting autophagy balance in T and NK cells as a new strategy to implement adoptive cell therapies.Molecular cancer · 2023Review
- Early Endosomes Undergo Calcium-Triggered Exocytosis and Enable Repair of Diffuse and Focal Plasma Membrane Injury.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023Article
- Fluid shear stress enhances natural killer cell's cytotoxicity toward circulating tumor cells through NKG2D-mediated mechanosensing.APL bioengineering · 2023Article
- Bucket lists must be completed during cell death.Trends in cell biology · 2023Review
- Early Endosomes Act as Local Exocytosis Hubs to Repair Endothelial Membrane Damage.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2023Article
- Review
- Small Molecule Inhibitors of Lymphocyte Perforin as Focused Immunosuppressants for Infection and Autoimmunity.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2022Review
- Temperature-controlled atmospheric-pressure plasma treatment induces protein uptake via clathrin-mediated endocytosis in tobacco cells.Plant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan) · 2022Article
14 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells destroy target cells via the polarized exocytosis of lytic effector proteins, perforin and granzymes, into the immunologic synapse. How these molecules enter target cells is not fully understood. It is debated whether granzymes enter via perforin pores formed at the plasma membrane or whether perforin and granzymes are first endocytosed and granzymes are then released from endosomes into the cytoplasm. We previously showed that perforin disruption of the plasma membrane induces a transient Ca(2+) flux into the target cell that triggers a wounded membrane repair response in which lysosomes and endosomes donate their membranes to reseal the damaged membrane. Here we show that perforin activates clathrin- and dynamin-dependent endocytosis, which removes perforin and granzymes from the plasma membrane to early endosomes, preserving outer membrane integrity. Inhibiting clathrin- or dynamin-dependent endocytosis shifts death by perforin and granzyme B from apoptosis to necrosis. Thus by activating endocytosis to preserve membrane integrity, perforin facilitates granzyme uptake and avoids the proinflammatory necrotic death of a membrane-damaged cell.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.