ArticleJournal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)2010
Declines in mortality rates and changes in causes of death in HIV-1-infected children during the HAART era.
Article in Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01061164 (A Prospective Surveillance Study of Long-Term Outcomes in HIV-Infected Infants, Children and Adolescents), which is not on this map. Cited by 141 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Prospective Surveillance Study of Long-Term Outcomes in HIV-Infected Infants, Children and Adolescents
Who cites it
141 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 281 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical practice guideline for the management of chronic kidney disease in patients infected with HIV: 2014 update by the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2014Guideline
- Executive summary: 2013 update of the guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2013Guideline
- Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children: recommendations from the National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the American Academy of Pediatrics.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2013Guideline
- Estimating the costs of adolescent HIV care visits and an intervention to facilitate transition to adult care in Kenya.PloS one · 2024Trial
- Clinic-Based Pediatric Disclosure Intervention Trial Improves Pediatric HIV Status Disclosure in Ghana.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Use of antiretrovirals in HIV-infected children in a tuberculosis prevention trial: IMPAACT P1041.The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · 2017Trial
- Long-term safety and efficacy of atazanavir-based therapy in HIV-infected infants, children and adolescents: the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 1020A.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2015Trial
- PRINCE-1: safety and efficacy of atazanavir powder and ritonavir liquid in HIV-1-infected antiretroviral-naïve and -experienced infants and children aged ≥3 months to <6 years.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2015Trial
- An exploratory survey of end-of-life attitudes, beliefs, and experiences of adolescents with HIV/AIDS and their families.Journal of pain and symptom management · 2012Trial
- Longitudinal Pediatric Palliative Care: Quality of Life & Spiritual Struggle (FACE): design and methods.Contemporary clinical trials · 2012Trial
- A comparison of audio computer-assisted self-interviews to face-to-face interviews of sexual behavior among perinatally HIV-exposed youth.Archives of sexual behavior · 2012Trial
- Timing of antiretroviral therapy initiation and its impact on disease progression in perinatal human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2012Trial
- From Diagnostic Challenge to Clinical Success: Rapid Multiplex PCR Identification of Cryptosporidium in HIV-Associated Refractory Diarrhea: A Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2026Article
- Causes of death in people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Türkiye: a multicentre retrospective study.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Article
- Mortality and Causes of Death in Patients WithOpen forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Long-Term Outcomes of Young Adults With Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in the United States and Puerto Rico.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Long-term risk of mortality and loss to follow-up in children and adolescents on antiretroviral therapy in Asia.HIV medicine · 2025Observational
- Maternal-Child Human Immunodeficiency Virus Clinical Trials Networks across the Ages.Clinics in perinatology · 2024Review
- Long-term effect of antiretroviral therapy on mortality among HIV-positive children and adolescents in China.Heliyon · 2024Article
81 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
contextIntroduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has significantly decreased mortality in HIV-1-infected adults and children. Although an increase in non-HIV-related mortality has been noted in adults, data in children are limited.
objectivesTo evaluate changes in causes and risk factors for death among HIV-1-infected children in Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group 219/219C. DESIGN, SETTING, AND
participantsMulticenter, prospective cohort study designed to evaluate long-term outcomes in HIV-1-exposed and infected US children. There were 3553 HIV-1-infected children enrolled and followed up between April 1993 and December 2006, with primary cause of mortality identified in the 298 observed deaths.
main outcome measuresMortality rates per 100 child-years overall and by demographic factors; survival estimates by birth cohort; and hazard ratios for mortality by various demographic, health, and antiretroviral treatment factors were determined.
resultsAmong 3553 HIV-1-infected children followed up for a median of 5.3 years, 298 deaths occurred. Death rates significantly decreased between 1994 and 2000, from 7.2 to 0.8 per 100 person-years, and remained relatively stable through 2006. After adjustment for other covariates, increased risk of death was identified for those with low CD4 and AIDS-defining illness at entry. Decreased risks of mortality were identified for later birth cohorts, and for time-dependent initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (hazard ratio 0.54, P < 0.001). The most common causes of death were "End-stage AIDS" (N = 48, 16%) and pneumonia (N = 41, 14%). The proportion of deaths due to opportunistic infections (OIs) declined from 37% in 1994-1996 to 24% after 2000. All OI mortality declined during the study period. However, a greater decline was noted for deaths due to Mycobacterium avium complex and cryptosporidium. Deaths from "End-stage AIDS," sepsis and renal failure increased.
conclusionsOverall death rates declined from 1993 to 2000 but have since stabilized at rates about 30 times higher than for the general US pediatric population. Deaths due to OIs have declined, but non-AIDS-defining infections and multiorgan failure remain major causes of mortality in HIV-1-infected children.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.