ArticleJournal of virology2010
Contributions of the avian influenza virus HA, NA, and M2 surface proteins to the induction of neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity.
Article in Journal of virology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Co-immunization with two recombinant Newcastle disease viruses expressing ILTV gB and H9N2 AIV HA confers protective efficacy against three avian pathogens.Poultry science · 2026Article
- Immunogenicity of Matrix Protein 2 Ectodomain (M2e) Displayed on Nodavirus-like Particles as Avian Influenza Vaccine for Poultry.Vaccines · 2025Article
- H5Nx Viruses Emerged during the Suppression of H5N1 Virus Populations in Poultry.Microbiology spectrum · 2021Article
- Impact of Individual Viral Gene Segments from Influenza A/H5N8 Virus on the Protective Efficacy of Inactivated Subtype-Specific Influenza Vaccine.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Influenza Neuraminidase Characteristics and Potential as a Vaccine Target.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Elicitation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 M2e and HA2-Specific Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Response in Chicken Following Immunization With Recombinant M2e-HA2 Fusion Protein.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2020Article
- Review
- Co-expression of the Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase by Heterologous Newcastle Disease Virus Vectors Protected Chickens against H5 Clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI Viruses.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Challenges of influenza A viruses in humans and animals and current animal vaccines as an effective control measure.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2018Review
- Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in South Korea.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2017Review
- Rescue of a recombinant Newcastle disease virus strain R2B expressing green fluorescent protein.Virus genes · 2017Article
- Live Attenuated Reassortant Vaccines Based on A/Leningrad/134/17/57 Master Donor Virus Against H5 Avian Influenza.The open microbiology journal · 2017Review
- Newcastle Disease Virus as a Vaccine Vector for Development of Human and Veterinary Vaccines.Viruses · 2016Review
- Biological and protective properties of immune sera directed to the influenza virus neuraminidase.Journal of virology · 2015Article
- Progress and hurdles in the development of influenza virus-like particle vaccines for veterinary use.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2014Review
- Contribution of neuraminidase of influenza viruses to the sensitivity to sera inhibitors and reassortment efficiency.The open microbiology journal · 2014Article
- Genome-wide mutagenesis of influenza virus reveals unique plasticity of the hemagglutinin and NS1 proteins.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2013Article
- Vaccination induced antibodies to recombinant avian influenza A virus M2 protein or synthetic M2e peptide do not bind to the M2 protein on the virus or virus infected cells.Virology journal · 2013Article
- Article
- Experimental vaccines against potentially pandemic and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.Future virology · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 causes severe disease and mortality in poultry. Increased transmission of H5N1 HPAIV from birds to humans is a serious threat to public health. We evaluated the individual contributions of each of the three HPAIV surface proteins, namely, the hemagglutinin (HA), the neuraminidase (NA), and the M2 proteins, to the induction of HPAIV-neutralizing serum antibodies and protective immunity in chickens. Using reverse genetics, three recombinant Newcastle disease viruses (rNDVs) were engineered, each expressing the HA, NA, or M2 protein of H5N1 HPAIV. Chickens were immunized with NDVs expressing a single antigen (HA, NA, and M2), two antigens (HA+NA, HA+M2, and NA+M2), or three antigens (HA+NA+M2). Immunization with HA or NA induced high titers of HPAIV-neutralizing serum antibodies, with the response to HA being greater, thus identifying HA and NA as independent neutralization antigens. M2 did not induce a detectable neutralizing serum antibody response, and inclusion of M2 with HA or NA reduced the magnitude of the response. Immunization with HA alone or in combination with NA induced complete protection against HPAIV challenge. Immunization with NA alone or in combination with M2 did not prevent death following challenge, but extended the time period before death. Immunization with M2 alone had no effect on morbidity or mortality. Thus, there was no indication that M2 is immunogenic or protective. Furthermore, inclusion of NA in addition to HA in a vaccine preparation for chickens may not enhance the high level of protection provided by HA.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.