ArticleJournal of cellular physiology2010
Toll-like receptor 2-mediated peptidoglycan uptake by immature intestinal epithelial cells from apical side and exosome-associated transcellular transcytosis.
Article in Journal of cellular physiology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- LYVE1 ectodomain shedding blunts lymphatic transmigration and clearance of macrophages during kidney injury.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Overview of the immunomodulatory role of bacterial probiotic-derived peptidoglycan: from molecular insights to therapeutic application.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Outer Membrane Vesicles FromJournal of extracellular biology · 2025Article
- Intestinal epithelium cells-derived extracellular vesicles: A new mediator of intestinal information transmission.Chinese medical journal · 2025Article
- Microbiota-induced active translocation of peptidoglycan across the intestinal barrier dictates its within-host dissemination.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Potential Mechanisms of Gut-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Participation in Glucose and Lipid Homeostasis.Genes · 2022Review
- Interactions between the gut microbiota-derived functional factors and intestinal epithelial cells - implication in the microbiota-host mutualism.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Molecular and functional profiling of apical versus basolateral small extracellular vesicles derived from primary human proximal tubular epithelial cells under inflammatory conditions.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2021Article
- Uptake, recognition and responses to peptidoglycan in the mammalian host.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2021Review
- Production and characterization of avian crypt-villus enteroids and the effect of chemicals.BMC veterinary research · 2020Article
- Exosomal Long Non-Coding RNA: Interaction Between Cancer Cells and Non-Cancer Cells.Frontiers in oncology · 2020Review
- The emerging role of exosomes in the pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis.American journal of translational research · 2020Review
- Tumorigenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic potential of exosomes in liver cancer.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2019Review
- A High Efficient Method to Isolate Exosomes from Small Intestinal Epithelium.Molecular biotechnology · 2019Article
- Short-Term Regulation of FcMediators of inflammation · 2017Article
- Different populations of Wnt-containing vesicles are individually released from polarized epithelial cells.Scientific reports · 2016Article
- Peptidoglycan recognition protein-peptidoglycan complexes increase monocyte/macrophage activation and enhance the inflammatory response.Immunology · 2015Article
- Organizing polarized delivery of exosomes at synapses.Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) · 2015Review
- The uptake of soluble and particulate antigens by epithelial cells in the mouse small intestine.PloS one · 2014Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a potent immune adjuvant derived from bacterial cell walls. Previous investigations suggest that intestinal epithelium may absorb PGN from the lumen. Nonetheless, how PGN is taken up and crosses intestinal epithelium remains largely unclear. Here, we first characterized PGN transport in vitro using IEC-18 and HT29-CL19A cells, which represent less mature epithelial cells in intestinal crypts. With fluorescent microscopy, we visualized internalization of dual-labeled PGN by enterocytes. Engulfed PGN was found to form a complex with PGN recognition protein-3, which may facilitate delivering PGN in vivo. Utilizing electronic microscopy, we revealed that uptake of apical PGN across intestinal epithelial monolayers was involved in phagocytosis, multivesicular body formation, and exosome secretion. We also studied transport of PGN using the transwell system. Our data indicated that apically loaded PGN was exocytosed to the basolateral compartment with exosomes by HT29-CL19A cells. The PGN-contained basolateral exosome extracts induced macrophage activation. Through gavaging mice with labeled PGN, we found that luminal PGN was taken up by columnar epithelial cells in crypts of the small intestine. Furthermore, we showed that pre-confluent immature but not post-confluent mature C2BBe1 cells engulfed PGN via a toll-like receptor 2-dependent manner. Together, our findings suggest that (1) crypt-based immature intestinal epithelial cells play an important role in transport of luminal PGN over the intestinal epithelium; and (2) luminal PGN is transcytosed across intestinal epithelia via a toll-like receptor 2-mediated phagocytosis-multivesicular body-exosome pathway. The absorbed PGN and its derivatives may facilitate maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.