ArticleBMC cancer2009
Compound K, a metabolite of ginseng saponin, induces apoptosis via caspase-8-dependent pathway in HL-60 human leukemia cells.
Article in BMC cancer, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ginsenosides from American ginseng: chemical and pharmacological diversity.Phytochemistry · 2011Pooled it
- Effects of Protease-Hydrolyzed andFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Gut Microbiome Dependency Continuum in Drug Discovery: A Unified Pharmacology Framework Linking Clinical Drugs, Natural Products, and Engineered Microbial Therapeutics.Biotech (Basel (Switzerland)) · 2026Review
- Preliminary Effects of Benralizumab in an AML Cell Model with Promyelocytic Features Expressing IL-5R: An Exploratory Proof-of-Concept Study.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Sustainable Production of Ginsenosides: Advances in Biosynthesis and Metabolic Engineering.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Potential Anti-tumor Effects and Apoptosis-inducing Mechanisms of Saponins: A Review.Current topics in medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Recent trends in ginseng research.Journal of natural medicines · 2024Review
- Enzymatic upcycling of wild-simulated ginseng leaves for enhancing biological activities and compound K.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Anti-leukemia effects of ginsenoside monomer: A narrative review of pharmacodynamics study.Current therapeutic research, clinical and experimental · 2024Review
- Renal function protection and the mechanism of ginsenosides: Current progress and future perspectives.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- An organometallic analogue of combretastatin A-4 and its apoptosis-inducing effects on lymphoma, leukemia and other tumor cellsRSC medicinal chemistry · 2022Article
- A narrative review of the pharmacology of ginsenoside compound K.Annals of translational medicine · 2022Review
- Saponins in Cancer Treatment: Current Progress and Future Prospects.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2021Review
- Ginsenoside Compound K Promotes Proliferation, Migration and Differentiation of Schwann Cells via the Activation of MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT Pathways.Neurochemical research · 2021Article
- Ginsenoside M1 Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits the Migration of Human Oral Cancer Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- High-density immobilization of a ginsenoside-transforming β-glucosidase for enhanced food-grade production of minor ginsenosides.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2019Article
- Inhibitory Effects of Ginsenoside Ro on the Growth of B16F10 Melanoma via Its Metabolites.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
- Ginsenoside compound-K inhibits the activity of B cells through inducing IgD-B cell receptor endocytosis in mice with collagen-induced arthritis.Inflammopharmacology · 2019Article
- Ginsenoside compound K inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B by targeting Annexin A2.Journal of ginseng research · 2019Article
- Bioactivity-guided isolation of ginsenosides from Korean Red Ginseng with cytotoxic activity against human lung adenocarcinoma cells.Journal of ginseng research · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCompound K [20-O-beta-(D-glucopyranosyl)-20(S)-protopanaxadiol], a metabolite of the protopanaxadiol-type saponins of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, has been reported to possess anti-tumor properties to inhibit angiogenesis and to induce tumor apoptosis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Compound K on apoptosis and explored the underlying mechanisms involved in HL-60 human leukemia cells.
methodsWe examined the effect of Compound K on the viabilities of various cancer cell lines using MTT assays. DAPI assay, Annexin V and PI double staining, Western blot assay and immunoprecipitation were used to determine the effect of Compound K on the induction of apoptosis.
resultsCompound K was found to inhibit the viability of HL-60 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner with an IC50 of 14 muM. Moreover, this cell death had typical features of apoptosis, that is, DNA fragmentation, DNA ladder formation, and the externalization of Annexin V targeted phosphatidylserine residues in HL-60 cells. In addition, compound-K induced a series of intracellular events associated with both the mitochondrial- and death receptor-dependent apoptotic pathways, namely, (1) the activation of caspases-3, -8, and -9; (2) the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential; (3) the release of cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO to the cytosol; (4) the translocation of Bid and Bax to mitochondria; and (5) the downregulations of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Furthermore, a caspase-8 inhibitor completely abolished caspase-3 activation, Bid cleavage, and subsequent DNA fragmentation by Compound K. Interestingly, the activation of caspase-3 and -8 and DNA fragmentation were significantly prevented in the presence of cycloheximide, suggesting that Compound K-induced apoptosis is dependent on de novo protein synthesis.
conclusionsThe results indicate that caspase-8 plays a key role in Compound K-stimulated apoptosis via the activation of caspase-3 directly or indirectly through Bid cleavage, cytochrome c release, and caspase-9 activation.
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