ArticlePloS one2009
Antigen diversity in the parasitic bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum arises from selectively-represented, spatially clustered functional pseudogenes.
Article in PloS one, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Stomach as the target organ of Rickettsia heilongjiangensis infection in C57BL/6 mice identified by click chemistry.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Comparative Whole Genome Analysis of anPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The absence of the drhm gene is not a marker for human-pathogenicity in European Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains.Parasites & vectors · 2020Article
- Global Transcription Profiles ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2020Article
- Molecular detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in wild carnivores in north-eastern Poland.Parasites & vectors · 2019Article
- Diagnosis and molecular characteristics of human infections caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum in South Korea.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2018Article
- Varying influences of selection and demography in host-adapted populations of the tick-transmitted bacterium, Anaplasma phagocytophilum.BMC evolutionary biology · 2015Article
- Mini-review: Strategies for Variation and Evolution of Bacterial Antigens.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2015Review
- Comparative genomics of first available bovine Anaplasma phagocytophilum genome obtained with targeted sequence capture.BMC genomics · 2014Article
- Analysis of the population structure of Anaplasma phagocytophilum using multilocus sequence typing.PloS one · 2014Article
- Breaking in and grabbing a meal: Anaplasma phagocytophilum cellular invasion, nutrient acquisition, and promising tools for their study.Microbes and infection · 2013Review
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains from voles and shrews exhibit specific ankA gene sequences.BMC veterinary research · 2013Article
- An emerging tick-borne disease of humans is caused by a subset of strains with conserved genome structure.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2013Article
- Linking the antigen archive structure to pathogen fitness in African trypanosomes.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2013Article
- Antigen variability in Anaplasma phagocytophilum during chronic infection of a reservoir host.Microbiology (Reading, England) · 2012Article
- Evolution of antigen variation in the tick-borne pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum.Molecular biology and evolution · 2012Article
- Mechanisms of obligatory intracellular infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2011Review
- Distinct host species correlate with Anaplasma phagocytophilum ankA gene clusters.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a tick-transmitted bacterial pathogen of humans and other animals, and is an obligate intracellular parasite. Throughout the course of infection, hosts acquire temporary resistance to granulocytic anaplasmosis as they develop immunity specific for the major antigen, major surface protein 2 (Msp2). However, the bacterium then utilizes a novel recombination mechanism shuffling functional pseudogenes sequentially into an expression cassette with conserved 5' and 3' ends, bypassing host immunity. Approximately 100 pseudogenes are present in the only fully sequenced human-origin HZ genome, representing the possibility for almost unlimited antigenic diversity. In the present study, we identified a select group of 20% of the A. phagocytophilum HZ msp2 pseudogenes that have matched preferentially to human, canine, and equine expression cassettes. Pseudogenes cluster predominantly in one spatial run limited to a single genomic island in less than 50% of the genome but phylogenetically related pseudogenes are neither necessarily located in close proximity on the genome nor share similar percent identity with expression cassettes. Pseudogenes near the expression cassette (and the origin) are more likely to be expressed than those farther away. Taken together, these findings suggest that there may be natural selection pressure to retain pseudogenes in one cluster near the putative origin of replication, even though global recombination shuffles pseudogenes around the genome, separating pseudogenes that share genetic origins as well as those with similar identities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.