ArticleEnvironmental health : a global access science source2009
Survival of Ascaris eggs and hygienic quality of human excreta in Vietnamese composting latrines.
Article in Environmental health : a global access science source, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed.
- Assessment of Environmental Contamination With Soil-Transmitted Helminth Eggs From Human and Animal Faeces in Southern Côte d'Ivoire: A Rapid Approach for Identifying High-Risk Communities.Journal of parasitology research · 2026Article
- Zoonotic Risk of Intestinal Parasites in Ghana's Protected Areas: A Nexus for Human-Nonhuman Primates-Dog Interactions.Journal of parasitology research · 2026Article
- Investigating cement-based surfaces as a sustainable flooring solution to improve Ascaris Suum egg removal and inactivation in low-resource settings.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Molecular epidemiology of Ascaris lumbricoides following multiple rounds of community-wide treatment.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Parasites in Sewage: Legal Requirements and Diagnostic Tools.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- An environmental evaluation of urine-diverting dry toilets in Hiloweyn Camp, Dollo Ado, Ethiopia.The Science of the total environment · 2024Article
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of pathogen reduction in onsite sanitation systems.Water research X · 2023Review
- PersistentEnvironmental science & technology · 2022Article
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- Inactivation of indicator microorganisms and biological hazards by standard and/or alternative processing methods in Category 2 and 3 animal by-products and derived products to be used as organic fertilisers and/or soil improvers.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2021Article
- Article
- Current time-temperature relationships for thermal inactivation ofWater research X · 2019Article
- Inactivation of pathogens in ecological sanitation latrines in Malawi: An observational follow up study.Malawi medical journal : the journal of Medical Association of Malawi · 2019Observational
- Evaluation of the quality and quantity of compost and leachate from household waterless toilets in France.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2019Article
- Climate change and One Health.FEMS microbiology letters · 2018Review
- Climate Change and the Neglected Tropical Diseases.Advances in parasitology · 2018Review
- Is there a difference in prevalence of helminths between households using ecological sanitation and those using traditional pit latrines? A latrine based cross sectional comparative study in Malawi.BMC research notes · 2017Article
- Advantages and limitations for users of double pit pour-flush latrines: a qualitative study in rural Bangladesh.BMC public health · 2017Article
- Ascaris lumbricoides egg die-off in an experimental excreta storage system and public health implication in Vietnam.International journal of public health · 2017Article
- Estimating the Health Risk Associated with the Use of Ecological Sanitation Toilets in Malawi.Journal of environmental and public health · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundFor centuries farmers in Vietnam have fertilized their fields with human excreta collected directly from their household latrines. Contrary to the official guideline of six-month storage, the households usually only store human excreta for three to four months before use, since this is the length of time that farmers have available to produce fertilizer between two cropping seasons. This study aimed to investigate whether hygienically safe fertilizer could be produced in the latrines within this period of time.
methodsBy inoculating eggs of the helminth parasite indicator Ascaris suum into heaps of human excreta, a die-off experiment was conducted under conditions similar to those commonly used in Vietnamese latrines. Half a ton of human excreta was divided into five heaps containing increasing concentrations of lime from 0% to 11%.
resultsRegardless of the starting pH, which varied from 9.4 to 11.6, a >99% die-off of eggs was obtained after 105 to 117 days of storage for all lime concentrations and 97% of eggs were non-viable after 88 days of storage. The most critical parameter found to determine the die-off process was the amount of ammonia (urine) in the excreta which indicates that longer storage periods are needed for parasite egg die-off if urine is separated from the excreta.
conclusionBy inactivating >99% of all A. suum eggs in human excreta during a storage period of only three months the commonly used Double Vault Composting (DVC) latrine, in which urine is not separated, could therefore potentially provide a hygienic acceptable fertilizer.
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