ArticleBMC genomics2009
Evolutionary diversification of an ancient gene family (rhs) through C-terminal displacement.
Article in BMC genomics, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 71 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
71 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Love and Hate Relationship between T5SS and Other Secretion Systems in Bacteria.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Characterization of Two Rhs-Family Nuclease Toxins, YPO3609 and YPO3615, inMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Characterization ofMicrobial genomics · 2026Article
- The type VI secretion system and associated effector proteins.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Ancestral neuronal receptors are bacterial accessory toxins.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Deciphering theJournal of bacteriology · 2025Review
- Phenethyl Acetate as an Agonist of Insect Odorant Receptor Co-Receptor (Orco): Molecular Mechanisms and Functional Insights.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Distribution of the four type VI secretion systems in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and classification of their core and accessory effectors.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Article
- A widespread accessory protein family diversifies the effector repertoire of the type VI secretion system spike.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Type VI secretion systems promote intraspecific competition and host interactions in a bee gut symbiont.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Structure of a Rhs effector clade domain provides mechanistic insights into type VI secretion system toxin delivery.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Structural and functional insights into the delivery of a bacterial Rhs pore-forming toxin to the membrane.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Killing in the name of: T6SS structure and effector diversity.Microbiology (Reading, England) · 2023Review
- A novel variant of theMicrobial genomics · 2023Article
- Structural basis for the toxic activity of MafB2 from maf genomic island 2 (MGI-2) in N. meningitidis B16B6.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Discovery of a novel filamentous prophage in the genome of theFrontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Genome sequence ofHeliyon · 2022Article
- Structure of a bacterial Rhs effector exported by the type VI secretion system.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- Two Type VI Secretion DNase Effectors are Utilized for Interbacterial Competition in the Fish PathogenFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
11 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRhs genes are prominent features of bacterial genomes that have previously been implicated in genomic rearrangements in E. coli. By comparing rhs repertoires across the Enterobacteriaceae, this study provides a robust explanation of rhs diversification and evolution, and a mechanistic model of how rhs diversity is gained and lost.
resultsRhs genes are ubiquitous and comprise six structurally distinct lineages within the Enterobacteriaceae. There is considerable intergenomic variation in rhs repertoire; for instance, in Salmonella enterica, rhs are restricted to mobile elements, while in Escherichia coli one rhs lineage has diversified through transposition as older lineages have been deleted. Overall, comparative genomics reveals frequent, independent gene gains and losses, as well as occasional lateral gene transfer, in different genera. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Rhs 'core' domains and variable C-termini are evolutionarily decoupled, and propose that rhs diversity is driven by homologous recombination with circular intermediates. Existing C-termini are displaced by laterally acquired alternatives, creating long arrays of dissociated 'tips' that characterize the appearance of rhs loci.
conclusionRhs repertoires are highly dynamic among Enterobacterial genomes, due to repeated gene gains and losses. In contrast, the primary structures of Rhs genes are evolutionarily conserved, indicating that rhs sequence diversity is driven, not by rapid mutation, but by the relatively slow evolution of novel core/tip combinations. Hence, we predict that a large pool of dissociated rhs C-terminal tips exists episomally and these are potentially transmitted across taxonomic boundaries.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.