ReviewCritical reviews in food science and nutrition2009
Ten putative contributors to the obesity epidemic.
Review in Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02728635 (Epigenetic Regulation of Human Adipose Tissue Distribution), which is not on this map. Cited by 274 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Epigenetic Regulation of Human Adipose Tissue Distribution
Who cites it
274 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Dietary patterns associated with obesity outcomes in adults: an umbrella review of systematic reviews.Public health nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- The association between adverse childhood experiences and childhood obesity: A systematic review.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2021Pooled it
- Trans-ethnic analysis of metabochip data identifies two new loci associated with BMI.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2018Pooled it
- Little appetite for obesity: meta-analysis of the effects of maternal obesogenic diets on offspring food intake and body mass in rodents.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2015Pooled it
- Late isocaloric eating increases hunger, decreases energy expenditure, and modifies metabolic pathways in adults with overweight and obesity.Cell metabolism · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Eating in the absence of hunger: Stability over time and associations with eating behaviours and body composition in children.Physiology & behavior · 2018Trial
- Lower depression scores associated with greater weight loss among rural black women in a behavioral weight loss program.Translational behavioral medicine · 2017Trial
- Trial
- Article
- Indirect comparative efficacy and safety of tirzepatide vs semaglutide for the treatment of obesity or overweight in patients without type 2 diabetes.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2026Article
- Indirect Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide Versus Oral Semaglutide for the Treatment of Overweight and Obesity.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Genetic risk for high body mass index before and amidst the obesity epidemic: Cross-cohort analysis of four british birth cohort studies.PLoS genetics · 2026Article
- Corporate influence on food and nutrition policies in Latin America and the Caribbean: key determinants and policy directions.Globalization and health · 2026Article
- A machine learning-derived polygenic risk score reveals that healthy lifestyle counteracts obesity-related mortality.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Article
- A Review of the Literature on the Endocrine Disruptor Activity Testing of Bisphenols inJournal of xenobiotics · 2026Review
- Integrating patient-reported weight gain cause narratives into personalized obesity management: a data-driven approach with natural language processing and machine learning.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota and associated metabolites: key players in high-fat diet-induced chronic diseases.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Variation in type 2 diabetes prevalence across different populations: the key drivers.Diabetologia · 2025Review
- Multi-modal neo-adjuvant anti-obesity medications may be more effective than medically supervised weight loss or GLP-1 therapy alone in preparing BMI≥70 patients for metabolic surgery.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2025Article
214 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
22 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The obesity epidemic is a global issue and shows no signs of abating, while the cause of this epidemic remains unclear. Marketing practices of energy-dense foods and institutionally-driven declines in physical activity are the alleged perpetrators for the epidemic, despite a lack of solid evidence to demonstrate their causal role. While both may contribute to obesity, we call attention to their unquestioned dominance in program funding and public efforts to reduce obesity, and propose several alternative putative contributors that would benefit from equal consideration and attention. Evidence for microorganisms, epigenetics, increasing maternal age, greater fecundity among people with higher adiposity, assortative mating, sleep debt, endocrine disruptors, pharmaceutical iatrogenesis, reduction in variability of ambient temperatures, and intrauterine and intergenerational effects as contributing factors to the obesity epidemic are reviewed herein. While the evidence is strong for some contributors such as pharmaceutical-induced weight gain, it is still emerging for other reviewed factors. Considering the role of such putative etiological factors of obesity may lead to comprehensive, cause specific, and effective strategies for prevention and treatment of this global epidemic.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.