ArticleCancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology2009
Time to first cigarette after waking predicts cotinine levels.
Article in Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 69 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
69 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 107 citations in OpenAlex.
- Time to First Cigarette: A Potential Clinical Screening Tool for Nicotine Dependence.Journal of addiction medicinePooled it
- Nicotine dependence as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis in the National Lung Screening Trial.BMC public health · 2019Trial
- Trial
- A randomized clinical trial of a tailored behavioral smoking cessation preparation program.Behaviour research and therapy · 2016Trial
- Factors associated with discontinuation of bupropion and counseling among African American light smokers in a randomized clinical trial.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2013Trial
- The effect of menthol on cigarette smoking behaviors, biomarkers and subjective responses.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2013Trial
- Effects of 21 days of varenicline versus placebo on smoking behaviors and urges among non-treatment seeking smokers.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2012Trial
- Biochemical Validation of Self-Reported Smokeless Tobacco Abstinence among Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results from a Clinical Trial of Varenicline in India.Journal of psychoactive drugsTrial
- Nicotine Dependence and Quit Self-Confidence in a Smoking Cessation Program Using a Group-Based Digital Peer-Supported App and Cigarette Consumption-Adjusted Nicotine Aids Among Japanese Workers: Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Time to first cigarette after waking and risk of incident chronic respiratory diseases in males: A prospective national cohort study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Greater Appeal and Greater Harm? Young Adults' Preference for Menthol Versus Nonmenthol Very-Low-Nicotine Cigarettes in a Cross-Over Trial.American journal of preventive medicine · 2025Article
- The Relative Reinforcing Value of Menthol Among Young Adult Cigarette Smokers: Results From a Behavioral Choice Task.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Racial and ethnic differences in topography and subjective effects among young adults in response to smoking their usual brand menthol or nonmenthol cigarette.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Disparities in Tobacco use and cravings among sexual and gender minority adolescents in the United States.Preventive medicine reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Client's perception toward services of smoking cessation clinics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2024Article
- Smoking, Lung Cancer Stage, and Prognostic Factors-Findings from the National Lung Screening Trial.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Correlation analysis between smoke exposure and serum neurofilament light chain in adults: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Biochemical and genetic biomarkers associated with nicotine dependence in Mexican smokers.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2023Article
- The effects of dual IQOS and cigarette smoke exposure on airway epithelial cells: implications for lung health and respiratory disease pathogenesis.ERJ open research · 2023Article
9 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
There is wide variability in cotinine levels per cigarette smoked. We hypothesized that in addition to smoking frequency, other behavioral measures of nicotine dependence, such as the time to first cigarette after waking, are associated with cotinine levels. To test this hypothesis, we measured plasma and urinary cotinine in a community-based study of 252 black and white daily cigarette smokers. Among one pack per day smokers, plasma cotinine levels varied from 16 to 1,180 ng/mL, a 74-fold difference. Two nicotine dependence phenotypes were discerned by time after waking. Subjects in the "low" dependent phenotype smoked >30 minutes after waking and nearly all smoked < or =20 cigarettes per day. Cotinine levels increased linearly with cigarette consumption in this group. Subjects in the "high" dependent phenotype smoked < or =30 minutes after waking but had a wide range in the frequency of daily cigarettes (6-70). Compared with the low dependent phenotype, there were relatively small differences in cotinine by cigarette frequency with evidence of a plateau effect in heavy smokers ( approximately 30). After adjusting for cigarette frequency, the levels of cotinine by time to first cigarette were as follows: < or =5 minutes, 437 [95% confidence limits (CL), 380-494]; 6 to 30 minutes, 352 (95% CL, 291-413), 31 to 60 minutes, 229 (95% CL, 140-317), and >60 minutes, 215 (95% CL, 110-321). Similar findings were observed for urinary cotinine. These findings suggest that the time to first cigarette is a strong predictor of nicotine uptake and should be considered in the design of smoking interventions.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.