ArticleActa ophthalmologica2011
Diagnosis of systemic metastatic retinal lymphoma.
Article in Acta ophthalmologica, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Retinal vasculitis as a presenting sign of Epstein-Barr virus positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a case report.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- DECODE VRL Report No. 1: Lymphocyte Survival After Diagnostic Vitrectomy - Does Size Matter?Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Report of a case of nasal-type extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma with ciliary body involvement and literature review of interleukin-10 and interleukin-6 in intraocular T-cell lymphoma.American journal of ophthalmology case reports · 2025Article
- First observation of intraocular extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma secondary to a retroperitoneal tumour: a case report and comparative review.BMC ophthalmology · 2022Article
- Secondary vitreoretinal lymphoma with spontaneous regression.American journal of ophthalmology case reports · 2022Article
- Vitreoretinal lymphoma occurring after systemic chemotherapy for primary conjunctival diffuse large B cell lymphoma: A case report.Medicine · 2021Article
- Vitreoretinal Lymphoma.Cancers · 2021Review
- Intraocular T-cell lymphoma metastasizing from a primary adrenal T-cell lymphoma: Case report.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2020Article
- Vitreous levels of interleukin-35 as a prognostic factor in B-cell vitreoretinal lymphoma.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Cytologic and Molecular Diagnostics for Vitreoretinal Lymphoma: Current Approaches and Emerging Single-Cell Analyses.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2020Review
- New Insights Into Immunological Therapy for Retinal Disorders.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Diagnostic dilemma of ocular lymphoma.BMJ case reports · 2019Article
- Clinical Features of Primary and Systemic Metastatic Intraocular Lymphomas in Spanish Patients.Journal of ophthalmology · 2019Article
- Case 01-2017 - Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL): report of a case and update of literature from 1942 to 2016.Annals of eye science · 2017Article
- Ocular manifestations as first signs of systemic T cell lymphoma in two cases.BMC ophthalmology · 2017Article
- Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2015Review
- Distinct microRNA-155 expression in the vitreous of patients with primary vitreoretinal lymphoma and uveitis.American journal of ophthalmology · 2014Article
- Intraocular lymphoma: a clinical perspective.Eye (London, England) · 2013Review
- Genetics of primary intraocular tumors.Ocular immunology and inflammation · 2012Review
- Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: a report from an International Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Collaborative Group symposium.The oncologist · 2011Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeSystemic metastatic retinal lymphoma (SMRL) is exceptionally rare, as systemic lymphomas most often metastasize to the uvea. We have evaluated a series of SMRL cases to elucidate the clinical and pathological features of SMRL.
methodsThe pathological specimens of intraocular lymphomas (IOLs) at the National Eye Institute from 1991 to 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. These cases were diagnosed by cytology, cytokine measurement (ELISA for interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 levels) and Immunoglobulin-Heavy (IgH) and T-cell-receptor (TCR) gene analyses.
resultsThere were nine B-cell SMRLs (B-SMRL) among 96 B-cell retinal lymphomas (9.4%) and three T-cell SMRLs (T-SMRL) among five T-cell retinal lymphomas (60%) from a total of 116 IOLs, in which 101 were retinal lymphoma. The original sites were nasopharynx (3), testis (2), skin (2), breast (1), blood (1), retroperitoneum (1), ileo-caecum (1) and stomach (1). Cytology of vitreous samples illustrated atypical lymphoma cells with either B- or T-monoclonality. More B-SMRLs had a high ratio of vitreal IL-10 to IL-6 than T-SMRLs. Molecular pathology demonstrated lymphoma cells with gene rearrangements of IgH in all B-SMRLs and TCR in all T-SMRLs.
conclusionsSMRL and primary retinal lymphoma present with similar clinical manifestations. Systemic T-cell lymphoma invades the retina and vitreous more aggressively than systemic B-cell lymphoma. A diagnosis of SMRL is made when there is a clinical history of systemic lymphoma (particularly from nasopharynx, testis and skin), and lymphoma cells are identified in the vitreous or retina. Molecular analysis is more useful than vitreal cytokine measurement for SMRL diagnosis.
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