ArticleVeterinary research
GtxA from Gallibacterium anatis, a cytolytic RTX-toxin with a novel domain organisation.
Article in Veterinary research. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- In silico prediction of Gallibacterium anatis pan-immunogens.Veterinary research · 2014Trial
- Article
- Genomic characteristics, antimicrobial resistance profiles and virulence factors of Gallibacterium anatis isolates from layer chickens in Northern China.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Multidrug Resistance ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A case of human diarrhea caused by Gallibacterium anatis: a case report.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Antibiotic resistance ofJournal of veterinary research · 2024Article
- Gallibacterium anatis infection in poultry: a comprehensive review.Tropical animal health and production · 2023Review
- Isolation and characterization of multidrug resistant Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica strains from Polish geese and hens.Veterinary research · 2023Article
- Prevalence, Identification and Antibiotic Resistance ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Sequence Analysis, Antibiogram Profile, Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes of XDR and MDRInfection and drug resistance · 2022Article
- A putative siderophore receptor ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Etiology, epidemiology, pathology, and advances in diagnosis, vaccine development, and treatment ofThe veterinary quarterly · 2020Review
- Immune Suppression Induced byToxins · 2020Article
- GtxA is a virulence factor that promotes a Th2-like response during Gallibacterium anatis infection in laying hens.Veterinary research · 2020Article
- Hydrostatic Filtration Enables Large-Scale Production of Outer Membrane Vesicles That Effectively Protect Chickens againstVaccines · 2020Article
- Review
- Specific Chicken Egg Yolk Antibody Improves the Protective Response against Gallibacterium anatis Infection.Infection and immunity · 2019Article
- Bacterial determinants of importance in the virulence of Gallibacterium anatis in poultry.Veterinary research · 2015Review
- Chaperone-usher fimbriae in a diverse selection of Gallibacterium genomes.BMC genomics · 2014Article
- The fimbrial protein FlfA from Gallibacterium anatis is a virulence factor and vaccine candidate.Infection and immunity · 2013Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gallibacterium anatis is a pathogen in chickens and other avian species where it is a significant cause of salpingitis and peritonitis. We found that bacterial cells and cell-free, filter-sterilised culture supernatant from the haemolytic G. anatis biovar haemolytica were highly cytotoxic towards avian-derived macrophage-like cells (HD11). We obtained the genome sequence of G. anatis 12656-12 and used a rational approach to identify a gene predicted to encode a 2026 amino acid RTX-toxin, which we named GtxA (Gallibacterium toxin). The construction of a gtxA knock-out mutant showed gtxA to be responsible for G. anatis' haemolytic and leukotoxic activity. In addition, Escherichia coli expressing gtxA and an adjacent acyltransferase, gtxC, became cytolytic. GtxA was expressed during in vitro growth and was localised in the extracellular protein fraction in a growth phase dependent manner. GtxA had an unusual modular structure; the C-terminal 1000 amino acids of GtxA were homologous to the classical pore-forming RTX-toxins in other members of Pasteurellaceae. In contrast, the N-terminal approximately 950 amino acids had few significant matches in sequence databases. Expression of truncated GtxA proteins demonstrated that the C-terminal RTX-domain had a lower haemolytic activity than the full-length toxin, indicating that the N-terminal domain was required for maximal haemolytic activity. Cytotoxicity towards HD11 cells was not detected with the C-terminal alone, suggesting that the N-terminal domain plays a critical role for the leukotoxicity.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.