ArticleAnnals of epidemiology2009
Financial hardship and mortality among older adults using the 1996-2004 Health and Retirement Study.
Article in Annals of epidemiology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Financial strain measures and associations with adult health: A systematic literature review.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Pooled it
- The impact of adding cost information to a conversation aid to support shared decision making about low-risk prostate cancer treatment: Results of a stepped-wedge cluster randomised trial.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2023Trial
- Beyond income: financial hardship as a pathway from socioeconomic disadvantage to depression among middle and older cancer survivors.Journal of cancer survivorship : research and practice · 2026Article
- Financial Literacy and Financial Toxicity Among US Veterans: Cross-Sectional Survey Informing Public Health Informatics Screening.Online journal of public health informatics · 2026Article
- Advanced cancer treatment decisions and their patient-facing financial burdens: a thematic analysis.The oncologist · 2026Article
- Sociodemographic Disparities in the Relationship between Living Alone and Suicide Ideation among Older Adults.The Psychiatric quarterly · 2026Article
- Subjective Financial Strain and Incident Heart Disease Among US Adults Aged 50 Years or Older.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Self-reported determinants for subjective financial distress: a qualitative interview study with German cancer patients.BMJ open · 2025Observational
- Male Fertility as a Proxy for Health.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Financial Toxicity in Radiation Oncology: Impact for Our Patients and for Practicing Radiation Oncologists.Advances in radiation oncology · 2024Review
- Social Norms About Handling Financial Challenges in Relation to Health-Protective Capacity Among Low-Income Older Adults.The Gerontologist · 2023Article
- Retrospective reports of socioeconomic disadvantage in childhood and mortality risk: are associations consistent across measures and sex?GeroScience · 2023Article
- A lack of financial planning predicts increased mortality risk: Evidence from cohort studies in the United Kingdom and United States.PloS one · 2023Article
- Impact of COVID-19 Containment Measures on Unemployment: A Multi-country Analysis Using a Difference-in-Differences Framework.International journal of health policy and management · 2023Article
- Financial hardship and change in emotional well-being before to during COVID-19 pandemic among middle-aged and older Americans: Moderating effects of internal coping resources.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2023Article
- Racial differences in Financial Hardship and depressive symptoms among older adults.Community mental health journal · 2022Article
- The effect of COVID-19 pandemic-related financial challenges on mental health and well-being among US older adults.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2022Article
- Propensity score weighted associations between financial strain and subsequent inflammatory biomarkers of aging among a representative sample of U.S. older adults.BMC geriatrics · 2022Article
- COVID-19 Associated Suicidal Ideation in Older Adults: Two Case Reports With a Review of the Literature.The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry · 2021Review
- Patient-Reported Financial Distress in Cancer: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors in Universal Healthcare Systems.Cancers · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeWe investigated the effect of financial hardship on mortality risk in a community-dwelling sample of adults 50 years of age and olderin the United States.
methodThe 1996 Health and Retirement Study cohorts were followed prospectively to 2004 (N = 8,377). Gender-stratified grouped Cox models were used to estimate the difference in the relative risk (RR) of mortality between a specific number of financial hardships (one, two, or three or more) and no hardships; and the predictive utility of each individual financial hardship for mortality during the follow-up period.
resultsGender-stratified models adjusted for demographics, socioeconomic characteristics, and functional limitations in 1996 showed that women reporting one (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.42; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.92) or three or more (HR = 1.60; 95% CI: 1.05-2.46) and men reporting two (HR = 1.80; 95% CI: 1.21-2.69) financial hardships had a substantially higher probability of mortality compared to those reporting no financial hardships. Individual financial hardships that predicted mortality in fully adjusted models for women included receiving Medicaid (HR = 2.23; 95% CI: 1.68-2.98) and for men receiving Medicaid (HR = 2.11; 95% CI: 1.57-2.84) and receiving food stamps (HR = 1.59; 95% CI: 1.09-2.33).
conclusionsThese findings suggest that over and above the influence of traditional measures of socioeconomic status, financial hardship exerts an influence on the risk of mortality among older adults and that the number and type of hardships important in predicting mortality may differ for men and women.
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Registered trials
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