SynthesisLancet (London, England)2009
Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: health implications of short-lived greenhouse pollutants.
Synthesis in Lancet (London, England), 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Long-term exposure to NOEnvironment international · 2020Pooled it
- Long-term exposure to ambient ozone and mortality: a quantitative systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence from cohort studies.BMJ open · 2016Pooled it
- Natural-cause mortality and long-term exposure to particle components: an analysis of 19 European cohorts within the multi-center ESCAPE project.Environmental health perspectives · 2015Pooled it
- Concentration-response function for ozone and daily mortality: results from five urban and five rural U.K. populations.Environmental health perspectives · 2012Pooled it
- Who adopts improved fuels and cookstoves? A systematic review.Environmental health perspectives · 2012Pooled it
- Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5.Environmental health perspectives · 2011Pooled it
- Fine particle components and health--a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological time series studies of daily mortality and hospital admissions.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiologyPooled it
- Reducing personal exposure to particulate air pollution improves cardiovascular health in patients with coronary heart disease.Environmental health perspectives · 2012Trial
- Association Between PMEuropean journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Analysis of fossil fuel consumption and socioeconomic drivers of respiratory disease mortality in G7 countries: an ARDL and VAR model approach.Cadernos de saude publica · 2026Article
- Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter constituents and incident stroke risk among middle-aged and older adults in China: a cohort study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Long-term exposures to PMBMC cancer · 2025Article
- Transitioning from climate ambitions to climate actions through public health policy initiatives.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Article
- Ambient fine particulate matter chemical composition associated with in-hospital case fatality, hospital expenses, and length of hospital stay among patients with heart failure in China.Journal of global health · 2024Article
- National Cohort Study of Long-Term Exposure to PMEnvironmental science & technology · 2023Article
- Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter chemical composition and in-hospital case fatality among patients with stroke in China.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2023Article
- Environmental risk factors and cardiovascular diseases: a comprehensive expert review.Cardiovascular research · 2022Article
- The Accuracy of Semi-Empirical Quantum Chemistry Methods on Soot Formation Simulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Geographically resolved social cost of anthropogenic emissions accounting for both direct and climate-mediated effects.Science advances · 2022Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In this report we review the health effects of three short-lived greenhouse pollutants-black carbon, ozone, and sulphates. We undertook new meta-analyses of existing time-series studies and an analysis of a cohort of 352,000 people in 66 US cities during 18 years of follow-up. This cohort study provides estimates of mortality effects from long-term exposure to elemental carbon, an indicator of black carbon mass, and evidence that ozone exerts an independent risk of mortality. Associations among these pollutants make drawing conclusions about their individual health effects difficult at present, but sulphate seems to have the most robust effects in multiple-pollutant models. Generally, the toxicology of the pure compounds and their epidemiology diverge because atmospheric black carbon, ozone, and sulphate are associated and could interact with related toxic species. Although sulphate is a cooling agent, black carbon and ozone could together exert nearly half as much global warming as carbon dioxide. The complexity of these health and climate effects needs to be recognised in mitigation policies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.