ReviewClinical reviews in allergy & immunology2011
Prolactin, systemic lupus erythematosus, and autoreactive B cells: lessons learnt from murine models.
Review in Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- An endocrine microbe immunity framework for granulomatous mastitis toward phenotype-oriented interpretation.iScience · 2026Review
- Article
- The 330 risk loci known for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): a review.Frontiers in lupus · 2024Article
- Isoform-specific knockdown of long and intermediate prolactin receptors interferes with evolution of B-cell neoplasms.Communications biology · 2023Article
- A pregnancy hormone-cell death link promotes enhanced lupus-specific immunological effects.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Sex Differences in Otolaryngology: Focus on the Emerging Role of Estrogens in Inflammatory and Pro-Resolving Responses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Immunomodulatory Effects of Dopamine in Inflammatory Diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Autoimmune thyroid diseases are more common in patients with prolactinomas: a retrospective case-control study in an Italian cohort.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2019Article
- Prolactin, autoimmunity, and motherhood: when should women avoid breastfeeding?Clinical rheumatology · 2019Review
- Article
- Prolactin and Autoimmunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Prevalence of autoimmune disease in patients with prolactinomas and non-functioning pituitary adenomas.Pituitary · 2016Article
- Sex differences in Sjögren's syndrome: a comprehensive review of immune mechanisms.Biology of sex differences · 2015Review
- Review
- Article
- Prolactin rescues and primes autoreactive B cells directly and indirectly through dendritic cells in B6.Sle3 mice.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2013Article
- To B or not to B cells-mediate a healthy start to life.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2013Review
- Reproductive immunology: a focus on the role of female sex hormones and other gender-related factors.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The predominant prevalence of autoimmune diseases in women of reproductive age has led to the investigation of the effects of sex hormones on immune regulation and in autoimmune diseases, in particular the prototypic systemic autoimmune disease lupus. The female hormone prolactin has receptors beyond the reproductive axis including immune cells, and it is thought to promote autoimmunity in human and murine lupus. Induced hyperprolactinemia in experimental lupus models, regardless of gender, exacerbates disease activity and leads to premature death. Prolactin treatment in mice that are not prone to develop lupus leads to the development of a lupus-like phenotype. Persistent mild-moderate hyperprolactinemia alters the selection of the naïve B cell repertoire. Recent studies demonstrate that prolactin impairs all three mechanisms of B cell tolerance induction (negative selection, receptor editing, and anergy) and thereby contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. The effects of prolactin are genetically determined as shown by the differential response to the hormone in the different mice strains. Bromocriptine, a drug that inhibits prolactin secretion, abrogates some of the immune effects of this hormone. Further research is required to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in immune effects of prolactin and to develop novel targeted treatments for SLE patients with prolactin-responsive disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.