Evidence map›Paper›PMID 19933973›Full record

Trial reportNeurology2009

Characteristics of hormone therapy, cognitive function, and dementia: the prospective 3C Study.

J Ryan, I Carrière, J Scali, J F Dartigues, C Tzourio, M Poncet, K Ritchie, M L Ancelin

Abstract readClinical TrialMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Neurology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
39citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

39 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Pooled it
  6. Trial
  7. Differences in verbal memory performance in postmenopausal women receiving hormone therapy: 17β-estradiol versus conjugated equine estrogens.The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry · 2011
    Trial
  8. Trial
  9. Article
  10. Hormone replacement therapy and its association with LATE-NC in older adults.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Review
  18. Review
  19. Review
  20. Precision hormone therapy: identification of positive responders.Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society · 2021
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

J RyanINSERM U888, Nervous System Pathologies: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Hôpital La Colombière, BP 34493, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. joanne.ryan@inserm.fr
I Carrière
J Scali
J F Dartigues
C Tzourio
M Poncet
K Ritchie
M L Ancelin

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesTo examine the association between hormone therapy (HT) and cognitive performance or dementia, focusing on the duration and type of treatment used, as well as the timing of initiation of HT in relation to the menopause.

methodsWomen 65 years and older were recruited in France as part of the Three City Study. At baseline and 2- and 4-year follow-up, women were administered a short cognitive test battery and a clinical diagnosis of dementia was made. Detailed information was also gathered relating to current and past HT use. Analysis was adjusted for a number of sociodemographic, behavioral, physical, and mental health variables, as well as APOE epsilon4.

resultsAmong 3,130 naturally postmenopausal women, current HT users performed significantly better than never users on verbal fluency, working memory, and psychomotor speed. These associations varied according to the type of treatment and a longer duration of HT appeared to be more beneficial. However, initiation of HT close to the menopause was not associated with better cognition. HT did not significantly reduce dementia risk over 4 years but current treatment diminished the negative effect associated with APOE epsilon4.

conclusionsCurrent hormone therapy (HT) was associated with better performance in certain cognitive domains but these associations are dependent on the duration and type of treatment used. We found no evidence that HT needs to be initiated close to the menopause to have a beneficial effect on cognitive function in later life. Current HT may decrease the risk of dementia associated with the APOE epsilon4 allele.

Indexed as

AgedAged, 80 and overApolipoproteins ECognition DisordersCohort StudiesDementiaEstrogen Replacement TherapyFemaleHumansLogistic ModelsNeuropsychological TestsRetrospective StudiesApolipoproteins E

Identifiers

PMID19933973
PMCPMC2993903

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.