ReviewBrain : a journal of neurology2009
A developmental and genetic classification for midbrain-hindbrain malformations.
Review in Brain : a journal of neurology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 103 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
103 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 281 citations in OpenAlex.
- From gene to geometry: the molecular morphogenesis of the fourth ventricle angle and its role in predicting brainstem dysfunction among Chiari I malformation patients.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2026Pooled it
- Update on neuroimaging phenotypes of mid-hindbrain malformations.Neuroradiology · 2015Pooled it
- Atrazine and pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence.Birth defects research. Part B, Developmental and reproductive toxicology · 2014Pooled it
- Delayed Presentation of Diencephalic-Mesencephalic Junction Dysplasia With Compulsive Truncal Movements and Blepharospasm: A Case Report From India.Journal of movement disorders · 2026Article
- Human pluripotent stem cell-derived neuroepithelial cells develop into an organizer for optic tectum formation in the chicken diencephalon.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- Genetic Insights in Hindbrain Abnormalities Through Network Analysis Expose Key Biological Pathways in Hindbrain Development.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2025Article
- Neuroradiologic, Clinical, and Genetic Characterization of Cerebellar Heterotopia: A Pediatric Multicentric Study.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2025Article
- The vermian-crest angle: a prediction model for foetal cystic posterior fossa anomalies.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
- Regulation of INPP5E in Ciliogenesis, Development, and Disease.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- Prenatal assessment of brain malformations on neuroimaging: an expert panel review.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2024Review
- Cerebellar Heterotopia: Broadening the Neuroradiological Spectrum of KBG Syndrome.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2024Article
- Enrichment of FGF8-expressing cells from neurally induced human pluripotent stem cell cultures.Stem cell reports · 2023Article
- KIRREL3-related disorders: a case report confirming the radiological features and expanding the clinical spectrum to a less severe phenotype.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- Medullary Tegmental Cap Dysplasia: Fetal and Postnatal Presentations of a Unique Brainstem Malformation.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2023Review
- Clinical and neuroimaging findings in patients with lissencephaly/subcortical band heterotopia spectrum: a magnetic resonance conventional and diffusion tensor study.Neuroradiology · 2022Article
- L1CAM variants cause two distinct imaging phenotypes on fetal MRI.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2021Article
- Evidence of disrupted rhombic lip development in the pathogenesis of Dandy-Walker malformation.Acta neuropathologica · 2021Article
- Article
- Magnetic resonance imaging of the brainstem in children, part 1: imaging techniques, embryology, anatomy and review of congenital conditions.Pediatric radiology · 2021Review
- Imaging spectrum of posterior fossa anomalies on foetal magnetic resonance imaging with an algorithmic approach to diagnosis.Polish journal of radiology · 2021Review
43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Advances in neuroimaging, developmental biology and molecular genetics have increased the understanding of developmental disorders affecting the midbrain and hindbrain, both as isolated anomalies and as part of larger malformation syndromes. However, the understanding of these malformations and their relationships with other malformations, within the central nervous system and in the rest of the body, remains limited. A new classification system is proposed, based wherever possible, upon embryology and genetics. Proposed categories include: (i) malformations secondary to early anteroposterior and dorsoventral patterning defects, or to misspecification of mid-hindbrain germinal zones; (ii) malformations associated with later generalized developmental disorders that significantly affect the brainstem and cerebellum (and have a pathogenesis that is at least partly understood); (iii) localized brain malformations that significantly affect the brain stem and cerebellum (pathogenesis partly or largely understood, includes local proliferation, cell specification, migration and axonal guidance); and (iv) combined hypoplasia and atrophy of putative prenatal onset degenerative disorders. Pertinent embryology is discussed and the classification is justified. This classification will prove useful for both physicians who diagnose and treat patients with these disorders and for clinical scientists who wish to understand better the perturbations of developmental processes that produce them. Importantly, both the classification and its framework remain flexible enough to be easily modified when new embryologic processes are described or new malformations discovered.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.