Trial reportThe Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology2010
Postmenopausal hormone therapy and cognitive outcomes: the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS).
Trial report in The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00745056 (Women's Health Initiative Memory Study--Epidemiology of Cognitive Health Outcomes), which is not on this map. Cited by 76 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Women's Health Initiative Memory Study--Epidemiology of Cognitive Health Outcomes
Who cites it
76 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 135 citations in OpenAlex.
- Postmenopausal hormone therapy is not associated with risk of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer's disease.Epidemiologic reviews · 2014Pooled it
- An Association Between Large Optic Nerve Cupping and Cognitive Function.American journal of ophthalmology · 2019Trial
- Association of Antioxidant Supplement Use and Dementia in the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease by Vitamin E and Selenium Trial (PREADViSE).JAMA neurology · 2017Trial
- Distinct cognitive effects of estrogen and progesterone in menopausal women.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2015Trial
- Trial
- Tamoxifen improves cholinergically modulated cognitive performance in postmenopausal women.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2013Trial
- Estradiol treatment altered anticholinergic-related brain activation during working memory in postmenopausal women.NeuroImage · 2012Trial
- Differences in verbal memory performance in postmenopausal women receiving hormone therapy: 17β-estradiol versus conjugated equine estrogens.The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry · 2011Trial
- Effects of Hormone Therapy on List and Story Recall in Post-Menopausal Women.Experimental aging researchTrial
- Prospective study of reproductive span and menopausal hormone therapy and cognitive decline over 8 years in the Nurses' Health Study.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Retrospective case-control study of pre-diagnosis observational and prescription data in Parkinson's disease.Scientific reports · 2026Observational
- Sex differences in the association of vascular risk and APOE Genotype with cognitive decline and dementia: evidence from a U.S. longitudinal study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding are associated with less later-life cognitive decline in a longitudinal, prospective cohort.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Exploring biomarkers of neurodegenerative risk: associations of oxysterols, sex hormones, and reproductive characteristics in older women.Journal of lipid research · 2025Article
- Hormone replacement therapy, menopausal age and lifestyle variables are associated with better cognitive performance at follow-up but not cognition over time in older-adult women irrespective of APOE4 carrier status and co-morbidities.Frontiers in dementia · 2024Article
- Estradiol improves behavior in FAD transgenic mice that expressFrontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
- Evaluations of memory, anxiety, and the growth factor IGF-1R after post-surgical menopause treatment with a highly selective progestin.Behavioural brain research · 2023Article
- Deciphering the Influence of Estradiol and Estrogen Receptors on Cognitive Function: A Bibliometric Analysis and Emerging Research Trends.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2023Article
- CERAD (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease) Neuropsychology Assessment Battery: 35 Years and Counting.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Review
- Systemic hormone therapy and dementia: A nested case-control and co-twin control study.Maturitas · 2022Article
16 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
This review discusses major findings from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS). WHIMS reported hormone therapy (HT)--conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) with or without medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)--increased the risk for dementia (HR 1.76 [95% CI, 1.19-2.60]; P=0.005) and global cognitive decline, with a mean decrement relative to placebo of 0.21 points on the Modified Mini Mental State Examination (3MS) (P=0.006) in women age 65 and older. A subset of WHIMS participants joined the ancillary WHI Study of Cognitive Aging (WHISCA) trials, in which domain-specific cognitive tests and mood were measured annually. Compared with placebo, CEE+MPA had a negative impact on verbal memory over time (P=0.01); and CEE-Alone was associated with lower spatial rotational ability (P < or = 0.01) at the initial assessment, but the difference diminished over time. The ancillary WHIMS-MRI study measured subclinical cerebrovascular disease to possibly explain the negative cognitive findings reported by WHIMS and the increased clinical stroke in older women reported by the WHI. WHIMS-MRI reported that while CEE+MPA and CEE-Alone were not associated with increased ischemic brain lesion volume relative to placebo; both CEE+MPA and CEE-Alone were associated with lower mean brain volumes in the hippocampus (P=0.05); frontal lobe (P=0.004); and total brain (P=0.07). HT-associated reductions in hippocampal volumes were greatest in women with baseline 3MS scores < or = 90.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.