ArticleSocial psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology2011
Community violence exposure and post-traumatic stress reactions among Gambian youth: the moderating role of positive school climate.
Article in Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 2011. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Community violence and internalizing mental health symptoms in adolescents: A systematic review.BMC psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- National and regional prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Impact of exposure to community and school violence during adolescence in the African context: systematic review.BJPsych international · 2025Review
- Experiencing Traumatic Violence: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of One Man's Lived Experience of a Violent Attack Involving a Knife.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Traumatic experiences assessed with the life events checklist for Kenyan adults.Journal of affective disorders · 2022Article
- Neighborhoods, Schools, and Adolescent Violence: Ecological Relative Deprivation, Disadvantage Saturation, or Cumulative Disadvantage?Journal of youth and adolescence · 2022Article
- Structural School Characteristics and Neighborhood Risk Factors: Associations with Student-Reported School Climate in a Large, Urban Public School District in the United States.Frontiers in education · 2022Article
- Resilience and adjustment trajectories amongst children in displacement-affected communities in Zarqa, Jordan.Journal of global health reports · 2020Article
- Experience of gender-based violence to students in public and private secondary schools in Ilorin, Nigeria.Ghana medical journal · 2018Article
- School violence, perceptions of safety and school attendance: results from a cross-sectional study in Rwanda and Uganda.Journal of global health reports · 2018Article
- Children's exposure to community and war violence and mental health in four African countries.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2015Review
- Relationship between particular areas of victimization and mental health in the context of multiple victimizations in Spanish adolescents.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2015Article
- A study on reintegration of street children in Burundi: experienced violence and maltreatment are associated with mental health impairments and impeded educational progress.Frontiers in psychology · 2014Article
- The 39-item Child Exposure to Community Violence (CECV) scale: exploratory factor analysis and relationship to PTSD symptomatology in trauma-exposed children and adolescents.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2013Article
- Exposure to violence in relation to depressive symptoms among male and female adolescent students in Cambodia.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2013Article
- Effects of poly-victimization on self-esteem and post-traumatic stress symptoms in Spanish adolescents.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2012Article
- Gender-based violence and mental disorders in female college students.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2012Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCommunity violence exposure among youth can lead to various negative outcomes, including post-traumatic stress symptoms. Research in the Western world indicates that a number of social support factors may moderate the relation between violence exposure and internalizing symptoms. Little research has been carried out in non-Western countries. This study aimed to fill this gap by exploring the relations among violence exposure, parental warmth, positive school climate, and post-traumatic stress reactions among youth in The Republic of The Gambia, Africa.
methodsA school-based survey of youth behaviors, feelings, attitudes, and perceptions was administered to 653 students at senior secondary schools in four Gambian communities.
resultsStudents reported high levels of exposure to violence. Over half of students reported witnessing someone threatened with serious physical harm, beaten up or mugged, attacked or stabbed with a knife/piece of glass, or seriously wounded in an incident of violence. Nearly half of students reported being beaten up or mugged during the past year, and nearly a quarter reported being threatened with serious physical harm. There were no sex differences in levels of exposure. Traumatic stress symptoms were common, especially among females. Both violence witnessing and violent victimization significantly predicted post-traumatic stress symptoms, and positive school climate moderated the relationship. Among youth victimized by violence, positive school climate was most strongly correlated with lower levels of post-traumatic stress at low levels of exposure. Among youth who had witnessed violence, positive school climate was most strongly correlated with lower levels of post-traumatic stress at high levels of exposure.
conclusionCommunity-based programs that bring together parents, schools, and youth may play an important role in combating the negative effects of some types of violence exposure among Gambian youth. Youth experiencing high levels of violent victimization represent a sample of particular concern and merit special research and clinical attention.
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