ArticleJournal of neuropathology and experimental neurology2009
Disrupted glutamate transporter expression in the spinal cord with acute flaccid paralysis caused by West Nile virus infection.
Article in Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Beyond the neuron: the role of glial cells in viral neuropathogenesis.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Transcriptomic insights into the neuropathogenic and immune response alterations in mouse neurons challenged with west nile and japanese encephalitis viruses.Virology journal · 2026Article
- Fatal West Nile Encephalomyelitis in a Young Woman with Hypoparathyroidism and Sjögren's Syndrome. Molecular Insights into Viral Neuro-Invasivity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Comprehensive mapping of the signaling events evoked by SARS-CoV-2 variants delta and omicron in human astrocytes.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The kinase RIPK3 promotes neuronal survival by suppressing excitatory neurotransmission during central nervous system viral infection.Immunity · 2025Article
- RIPK3 promotes neuronal survival by suppressing excitatory neurotransmission during CNS viral infection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Pathogenesis and outcome of VA1 astrovirus infection in the human brain are defined by disruption of neural functions and imbalanced host immune responses.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Peripheral Nerve Injury Induced by Japanese Encephalitis Virus in C57BL/6 Mouse.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- Protocol to Study West Nile Virus Infection in Brain Slices In Vitro.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2023Article
- Old Friends, immunoregulation, and stress resilience.Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2019Review
- Differential Expression of Genes Related to Innate Immune Responses in Ex Vivo Spinal Cord and Cerebellar Slice Cultures Infected with West Nile Virus.Brain sciences · 2018Article
- Zika virus-induced hyper excitation precedes death of mouse primary neuron.Virology journal · 2018Article
- Neurotropism and behavioral changes associated with Zika infection in the vector Aedes aegypti.Emerging microbes & infections · 2018Article
- Protective Effects of Glutamine Antagonist 6-Diazo-5-Oxo-l-Norleucine in Mice with Alphavirus Encephalomyelitis.Journal of virology · 2016Article
- Article
- Is initial preservation of deep tendon reflexes in West Nile Virus paralysis a good prognostic sign?Neurology Asia · 2014Article
- Novel treatment with neuroprotective and antiviral properties against a neuroinvasive human respiratory virus.Journal of virology · 2014Article
- Death receptor-mediated apoptotic signaling is activated in the brain following infection with West Nile virus in the absence of a peripheral immune response.Journal of virology · 2014Article
- Regulation of gap junction channels by infectious agents and inflammation in the CNS.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2014Review
- SLC1 glutamate transporters.Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2014Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Neuroinvasive West Nile virus (WNV) infections may cause acute flaccid paralysis (AFP); in fatal cases, anterior horn cell loss is presumed to be caused by direct viral infection. In related animal models, however, glutamate excitotoxicity mediates bystander injury of uninfected anterior horn cells, suggesting additional pathogenic mechanisms. We examined expression of the principal excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) of astrocytes (i.e. EAAT-2 in humans, glutamate transporter 1 in hamsters) in the spinal cord of human WNV-induced AFP patients and in hamsters with WNV-induced AFP by immunohistochemistry. Glial fibrillary acidic protein, synaptic and dendritic markers (i.e. synaptophysin, microtubule-associated protein 2), immune activation (HLA-DR), and viral antigens were also evaluated. Humans and hamsters with WNV-induced AFP had decreased spinal gray matter EAAT expression despite greater numbers of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes compared with controls. Areas of diminished EAAT expression showed reduced synaptic and dendritic protein expression and prominent local inflammation but few infected neurons. These findings suggest that WNV infection results in local immune activation within the spinal cord that in turn causes a failure of astrocyte glutamate reuptake even as the number of astrocytes increases; rising extracellular glutamate levels may then drive excitotoxic injury of both infected and uninfected anterior horn cells. The pathogenesis of this increasingly common disorder likely involves immune response and excitotoxicity mechanisms that are potential therapeutic targets.
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