ArticleAntiviral therapy2009
Genotypic HIV type-1 drug resistance among patients with immunological failure to first-line antiretroviral therapy in south India.
Article in Antiviral therapy, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Article
- High discordance in blood and genital tract HIV-1 drug resistance in Indian women failing first-line therapy.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2018Article
- Regional Challenges in the Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Drug Resistance.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2017Article
- Antiretroviral resistance following immunological monitoring in a resource-limited setting of western India: A cross-sectional study.PloS one · 2017Article
- Immunological failure of first-line and switch to second-line antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected persons in Tanzania: analysis of routinely collected national data.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2015Article
- HIV type 1 drug resistance patterns among patients failing first and second line antiretroviral therapy in Nairobi, Kenya.BMC research notes · 2014Article
- Development, validation and clinical evaluation of a low cost in-house HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping assay for Indian patients.PloS one · 2014Article
- HIV genotype resistance testing in antiretroviral (ART) exposed Indian children--a need of the hour.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2013Article
- Virologic versus immunologic monitoring and the rate of accumulated genotypic resistance to first-line antiretroviral drugs in Uganda.BMC infectious diseases · 2012Article
- Initial virologic response and HIV drug resistance among HIV-infected individuals initiating first-line antiretroviral therapy at 2 clinics in Chennai and Mumbai, India.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2012Article
- Viremia and HIV-1 drug resistance mutations among patients receiving second-line highly active antiretroviral therapy in Chennai, Southern India.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2012Article
- Antiretroviral therapy in Indian setting: when & what to start with, when & what to switch to?The Indian journal of medical research · 2011Review
- Selection of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-associated mutations in HIV-1 subtype C: evidence of etravirine cross-resistance.AIDS (London, England) · 2011Article
- Suboptimal adherence associated with virological failure and resistance mutations to first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Bangalore, India.International health · 2011Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHIV type-1 (HIV-1) monitoring in resource-limited settings relies on clinical and immunological assessment. The objective of this study was to study the frequency and pattern of reverse transcriptase (RT) drug resistance among patients with immunological failure (IF) to first-line therapy.
methodsA cross-sectional study of 228 patients with IF was done, of which 126 were drug-naive (group A) when starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and 102 were exposed to mono/dual therapy prior to HAART initiation (group B). A validated in-house genotyping method and Stanford interpretation was used. Means, sd, median and frequencies (as percentages) were used to indicate the patient characteristics in each group. The chi(2) test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare categorical variables as appropriate. All analyses were performed using SPSS software, version 13.0. P-values <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
resultsRT drug resistance mutations were found in 92% and 96% of patients in groups A and B, respectively. Median (interquartile range) CD4(+) T-cell count at failure was 181 cells/microl (18-999) and time to failure was 40 months (2-100). M184V (80% versus 75%), thymidine analogue mutations (63% versus 74%), Y181C (39% versus 39%) and K103N (29% versus 39%) were predominant RT mutations in both groups. Extensive nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor cross-resistance mutations were observed in 51% and 26% of patients in group B and A, respectively.
conclusionsAlternative strategies for initial therapy and affordable viral load monitoring could reduce resistance accumulations and preserve available drugs for future options in resource-limited settings.
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