ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2009
Neonatal innate TLR-mediated responses are distinct from those of adults.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02554630 (Novel Mechanisms and Approaches to Treat Neonatal Sepsis), which is not on this map. Cited by 287 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Novel Mechanisms and Approaches to Treat Neonatal Sepsis: Adjuvant Therapies, Host Microbiome, and Genomic Expression and Functional Capacity of Innate Immune Cells
Who cites it
287 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Intrapartum Antibiotic Prophylaxis and Child Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of immunotherapy on mortality in neonates with suspected or proven sepsis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.BMC pediatrics · 2019Pooled it
- A Balanced Proinflammatory and Regulatory Cytokine Signature in Young African Children Is Associated With Lower Risk of Clinical Malaria.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Trial
- Neonatal BCG Vaccination Influences Cytokine Responses to Toll-like Receptor Ligands and Heterologous Antigens.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2018Trial
- In vitro cytokine induction by TLR-activating vaccine adjuvants in human blood varies by age and adjuvant.Cytokine · 2016Trial
- Trial
- Maturation of innate responses to mycobacteria over the first nine months of life.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2014Trial
- Myeloid TLR2 signaling amplifies immunopathology in influenza-infected murine neonates.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2026Article
- Plasticity of the infant immune system during the perinatal period.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- LPS and β-Glucan Induce Differential Memory-like Inflammatory Responses with Enhanced Reactivity in Neonatal Neutrophils Compared to Adults.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Perturbation of the preterm human immune system in early life.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Viral Vaccine Adjuvant Strategies for Shaping Durable Immunity Across the Human Lifespan.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Mitochondrial dysfunction in neonatal brain injury: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic interventions.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Pediatric Sepsis: Evolving Subphenotypes, Overlap Syndromes, and the Path to Precision Therapies.Clinics in chest medicine · 2026Review
- Rational design 2.0: transitioning from static structural biology to computational prioritization and iterative vaccine optimization for RSV.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Impact of maternal visceral leishmaniasis on sex-specific immune responses and pathogenesis in offspring following homologous infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: an immunological perspective.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Screening and validating HBV mother-to-child transmission-related lncRNAs based on the lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Analysis of the Specific Expression Profile of Immune Cells in Infants and Young Children Infected with RSV and Construction of a Disease Prediction Model.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Impact of toll-like receptors on food allergy: mechanisms involved and scientific evidence.Journal of physiology and biochemistry · 2025Review
227 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The human neonate and infant are unduly susceptible to infection with a wide variety of microbes. This susceptibility is thought to reflect differences from adults in innate and adaptive immunity, but the nature of these differences is incompletely characterized. The innate immune response directs the subsequent adaptive immune response after integrating information from TLRs and other environmental sensors. We set out to provide a comprehensive analysis defining differences in response to TLR ligation between human neonates and adults. In response to most TLR ligands, neonatal innate immune cells, including monocytes and conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells produced less IL-12p70 and IFN-alpha (and consequently induced less IFN-gamma), moderately less TNF-alpha, but as much or even more IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-23, and IL-10 than adult cells. At the single-cell level, neonatal innate cells generally were less capable of producing multiple cytokines simultaneously, i.e., were less polyfunctional. Overall, our data suggest a robust if not enhanced capacity of the neonate vs the adult white-blood cell TLR-mediated response to support Th17- and Th2-type immunity, which promotes defense against extracellular pathogens, but a reduced capacity to support Th1-type responses, which promote defense against intracellular pathogens.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.