ArticleNature2009
Uptake through glycoprotein 2 of FimH(+) bacteria by M cells initiates mucosal immune response.
Article in Nature, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 303 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
303 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 609 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diagnostic and clinical significance of antigen-specific pancreatic antibodies in inflammatory bowel diseases: A meta-analysis.World journal of gastroenterology · 2020Pooled it
- Randomized Trial of Ciprofloxacin Doxycycline and Hydroxychloroquine Versus Budesonide in Active Crohn's Disease.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2021Trial
- Mucosal Autoimmunity to Cell-Bound GP2 Isoforms Is a Sensitive Marker in PSC and Associated With the Clinical Phenotype.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Trial
- Parallel evolutionary trajectories rewire enteropathogenicGut microbes · 2026Article
- Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Food: Dietary Toxicology Beyond Particle Counts.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2026Review
- Antigen-sampling gut cells moonlight as organizers of immune defense.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Estrogen Deprivation and Periodontitis Interact Across Multiple Tissues.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Mucosal Vaccine Development: From Adjuvant Design to Next-Generation Delivery Strategies.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Teleost intestinal microfold cells: identification, characterization, and mucosal antigen sampling in olive flounder (Marine life science & technology · 2026Article
- Redefining GALT-associated carcinoma: a distinct subtype of colorectal adenocarcinoma.Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology · 2026Article
- Food-derived β-lactoglobulin nanofibrils: An efficacy, safe, and scalable solution to overcome oral insulin delivery challenges.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Article
- M cell-dependent commensal uptake confers encephalitogenic phenotypes on γδT17 cells in Peyer's patches.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Noncanonical NF-κB pathway driven inflammation across multiple cellular compartments identifies NIK as a therapeutic target for inflammatory bowel disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Exploring glycerophospholipid metabolism in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: interactions between malignant epithelial cells and CCL11-expressing fibroblasts.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota-M cell co-culture in inflammatory bowel disease and its therapeutic potential in organoid platforms.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Porcine gut loops to explore the impact of amino acids on the host-microbiota crosstalk in the ileum.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Pyruvate-GPR31 axis induces LysoDC dendrite protrusion to M-cell pockets for effective immune responses.Gut microbes · 2025Article
- Royal jelly fermented byBiochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Article
- Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue: a review of its development and function, including recent findings on the impact of environmental particulate exposure.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2025Review
243 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
22 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The mucosal immune system forms the largest part of the entire immune system, containing about three-quarters of all lymphocytes and producing grams of secretory IgA daily to protect the mucosal surface from pathogens. To evoke the mucosal immune response, antigens on the mucosal surface must be transported across the epithelial barrier into organized lymphoid structures such as Peyer's patches. This function, called antigen transcytosis, is mediated by specialized epithelial M cells. The molecular mechanisms promoting this antigen uptake, however, are largely unknown. Here we report that glycoprotein 2 (GP2), specifically expressed on the apical plasma membrane of M cells among enterocytes, serves as a transcytotic receptor for mucosal antigens. Recombinant GP2 protein selectively bound a subset of commensal and pathogenic enterobacteria, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), by recognizing FimH, a component of type I pili on the bacterial outer membrane. Consistently, these bacteria were colocalized with endogenous GP2 on the apical plasma membrane as well as in cytoplasmic vesicles in M cells. Moreover, deficiency of bacterial FimH or host GP2 led to defects in transcytosis of type-I-piliated bacteria through M cells, resulting in an attenuation of antigen-specific immune responses in Peyer's patches. GP2 is therefore a previously unrecognized transcytotic receptor on M cells for type-I-piliated bacteria and is a prerequisite for the mucosal immune response to these bacteria. Given that M cells are considered a promising target for oral vaccination against various infectious diseases, the GP2-dependent transcytotic pathway could provide a new target for the development of M-cell-targeted mucosal vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.