Trial reportClinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research2009
Effect of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor on vaccination with an allogeneic whole-cell melanoma vaccine.
Trial report in Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Boosting immune response with GM-CSF optimizes primary cryotherapy outcomes in the treatment of prostate cancer: a prospective randomized clinical trial.Prostate cancer and prostatic diseases · 2021Trial
- Immunogenicity in humans of a transdermal multipeptide melanoma vaccine administered with or without a TLR7 agonist.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2021Trial
- Phase III Trial of PROSTVAC in Asymptomatic or Minimally Symptomatic Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2019Trial
- A randomized phase II trial of multiepitope vaccination with melanoma peptides for cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells for patients with metastatic melanoma (E1602).Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2013Trial
- Function but not phenotype of melanoma peptide-specific CD8(+) T cells correlate with survival in a multiepitope peptide vaccine trial (ECOG 1696).International journal of cancer · 2012Trial
- A viral vaccine encoding prostate-specific antigen induces antigen spreading to a common set of self-proteins in prostate cancer patients.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2010Trial
- Understanding the dual role of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the lung cancer tumor microenvironment and its therapeutic implications.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Review
- Innate Immunity in Cancer Biology and Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- A Bayesian network meta-analysis of comparison of cancer therapeutic vaccines for melanoma.Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV · 2021Review
- Mutant KRAS triggers functional reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages in colorectal cancer.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2021Article
- An update on GM-CSF and its potential role in melanoma management.Melanoma management · 2020Review
- Cancer Vaccines: Adjuvant Potency, Importance of Age, Lifestyle, and Treatments.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Vaccine Strategy in Melanoma.Surgical oncology clinics of North America · 2019Review
- FGL2 promotes tumor progression in the CNS by suppressing CD103Nature communications · 2019Article
- The CD14Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Article
- Systemic GM-CSF Recruits Effector T Cells into the Tumor Microenvironment in Localized Prostate Cancer.Cancer immunology research · 2016Article
- Perioperative treatment with the new synthetic TLR-4 agonist GLA-SE reduces cancer metastasis without adverse effects.International journal of cancer · 2016Article
- Buccal injection of synthetic HPV long peptide vaccine induces local and systemic antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell immune responses and antitumor effects without adjuvant.Cell & bioscience · 2016Article
- Vaccines, Adjuvants, and Dendritic Cell Activators--Current Status and Future Challenges.Seminars in oncology · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe availability of a variety of immune response modifiers creates an opportunity for improved efficacy of immunotherapy, but it also leads to uncertainty in how to combine agents and how to assess those combinations. We sought to assess the effect of the addition of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to vaccination with a melanoma vaccine. EXPERIMENTAL
designNinety-seven patients with resected melanoma (stage II-IV) were enrolled, stratified by stage, and randomized to receive a cellular melanoma vaccine with or without GM-CSF. The primary endpoint was delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to melanoma cells. Antibody responses, peripheral leukocyte counts, and survival were also examined.
resultsThe GM-CSF arm showed enhanced antibody responses with an increase in IgM titer against the TA90 antigen and increased TA90 immune complexes. This arm also had diminished antimelanoma cell delayed-type hypersensitivity response. Peripheral blood leukocyte profiles showed increases in eosinophils and basophils with decreased monocytes in the GM-CSF arm. These immune changes were accompanied by an increase in early melanoma deaths and a trend toward worse survival with GM-CSF.
conclusionThese data suggest that GM-CSF is not helpful as an immune adjuvant in this dose and schedule and raise concern that it may be harmful. Based on the discordant findings of an immune endpoint and clinical outcome, the use of such surrogate endpoints in selecting treatments for further evaluation must be done with a great deal of caution.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.