ArticleEuropean archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience2010
Association between intracellular infectious agents and Tourette's syndrome.
Article in European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Elucidating the material basis and therapeutic mechanisms of Shaoma Zhijing granules for tourette syndrome by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS and multiple models.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Article
- Neuroinflammation and pathways that contribute to tourette syndrome.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Review
- Molecular Landscape of Tourette's Disorder.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, PANDAS, and Tourette Syndrome: Immuno-inflammatory Disorders.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2023Review
- Maternal immune activation and neuroinflammation in human neurodevelopmental disorders.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2021Review
- Changes of Cytokines in Children With Tic Disorder.Frontiers in neurology · 2021Article
- What Does Immunology Have to Do With Normal Brain Development and the Pathophysiology Underlying Tourette Syndrome and Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders?Frontiers in neurology · 2020Review
- Psychiatric aspects of toxoplasmosis: an Indian perspective.Journal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2016Article
- Addressing the Complexity of Tourette's Syndrome through the Use of Animal Models.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2016Review
- Immune-mediated animal models of Tourette syndrome.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2013Review
- Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS): An Evolving Concept.Tremor and other hyperkinetic movements (New York, N.Y.) · 2013Article
- Toxoplasma gondii infection and behaviour - location, location, location?The Journal of experimental biology · 2013Review
- Intracellular monocytic cytokine levels in schizophrenia show an alteration of IL-6.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2012Article
- Altered monocyte activation markers in Tourette's syndrome: a case-control study.BMC psychiatry · 2012Article
- The Relationship between Tourette's Syndrome and Infections.The open neurology journal · 2012Article
- Towards an Evolutionary Model of Animal-Associated Microbiomes.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in Tourette's syndrome (TS) are still unclear. Increasing evidence supports the involvement of infections, possibly on the basis of an altered immune status. Not only streptococci but also other infectious agents may be involved. This study investigates the association between the neurotrophic agents Chlamydia, Toxoplasma and TS. 32 patients with TS and 30 healthy matched controls were included. For each individual, IgA/IgG antibody titers against Chlamydia trachomatis/pneumoniae and Toxoplasma gondii were evaluated and analyzed with Fisher's exact test. We found a significantly higher rate of TS patients with elevated antibody titers against Chlamydia trachomatis (P = 0.017) as compared to controls. A trend toward a higher prevalence in the Tourette's group was shown for Toxoplasma (P = 0.069). In conclusion, within the TS patients a higher rate of antibody titers could be demonstrated, pointing to a possible role of Chlamydia and Toxoplasma in the pathogenesis of tic disorders. Because none of these agents has been linked with TS to date, a hypothesis is that infections could contribute to TS by triggering an immune response. It still remains unclear whether tic symptoms are partly due to the infection or to changes in the immune balance caused by an infection.
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Registered trials
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