Trial reportArchives of general psychiatry2009
A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of 5 smoking cessation pharmacotherapies.
Trial report in Archives of general psychiatry, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 148 papers, 15 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
148 citing papers in PubMed, 15 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Korean Clinical Practice Guideline of Korean Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (KSRNT) and National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency (NECA) on Treatment of Tobacco Use 2024.Journal of Korean medical science · 2025Guideline
- Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- The Promise of Polygenic Risk Prediction in Smoking Cessation: Evidence From Two Treatment Trials.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Pooled it
- Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Antidepressants for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Enhancing Behavior Change Technique Coding Methods: Identifying Behavioral Targets and Delivery Styles in Smoking Cessation Trials.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2019Pooled it
- Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Use of polygenic risk scores of nicotine metabolism in predicting smoking behaviors.Pharmacogenomics · 2018Pooled it
- Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: effects by subgroup defined by genetically informed biomarkers.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- Effect of exercise type on smoking cessation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.BMC research notes · 2017Pooled it
- Cigarette smoking and depression comorbidity: systematic review and proposed theoretical model.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2017Pooled it
- Consideration of sex in clinical trials of transdermal nicotine patch: a systematic review.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology · 2014Pooled it
- Antidepressants for smoking cessation.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2014Pooled it
- Smoking cessation interventions for smokers with current or past depression.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2013Pooled it
- Time-varying mediated effects of the nicotine patch on smoking before and after a quit attempt when it is added to varenicline and counseling.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Trial
- Tobacco Quitline Retreatment Interventions Among Adults With Socioeconomic Disadvantage: A Factorial Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- What to do after smoking relapse? A sequential multiple assignment randomized trial of chronic care smoking treatments.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Time-Varying Mediation of Pharmacological Smoking Cessation Treatments on Smoking Lapse via Craving, Cessation Fatigue, and Negative Mood.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Trial
88 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
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- Erratum issuedDosage error in article text
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
contextLittle direct evidence exists on the relative efficacies of different smoking cessation pharmacotherapies, yet such evidence is needed to make informed decisions about their clinical use.
objectiveTo assess the relative efficacies of 5 smoking cessation pharmacotherapy interventions using placebo-controlled, head-to-head comparisons.
designA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
settingTwo urban research sites. PATIENTS: One thousand five hundred four adults who smoked at least 10 cigarettes per day during the past 6 months and reported being motivated to quit smoking. Participants were excluded if they reported using any form of tobacco other than cigarettes; current use of bupropion; having a current psychosis or schizophrenia diagnosis; or having medical contraindications for any of the study medications.
interventionsParticipants were randomized to 1 of 6 treatment conditions: nicotine lozenge, nicotine patch, sustained-release bupropion, nicotine patch plus nicotine lozenge, bupropion plus nicotine lozenge, or placebo. In addition, all participants received 6 individual counseling sessions.
main outcome measuresBiochemically confirmed 7-day point-prevalence abstinence assessed at 1 week after the quit date (postquit), end of treatment (8 weeks postquit), and 6 months postquit. Other outcomes were initial cessation, number of days to lapse, number of days to relapse, and latency to relapse after the first lapse.
resultsAll pharmacotherapies differed from placebo when examined without protection for multiple comparisons (odds ratios, 1.63-2.34). With such protection, only the nicotine patch plus nicotine lozenge (odds ratio, 2.34, P < .001) produced significantly higher abstinence rates at 6-month postquit than did placebo.
conclusionWhile the nicotine lozenge, bupropion, and bupropion plus lozenge produced effects that were comparable with those reported in previous research, the nicotine patch plus lozenge produced the greatest benefit relative to placebo for smoking cessation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.