ArticleThe Medical journal of Australia2009
Otitis media: viruses, bacteria, biofilms and vaccines.
Article in The Medical journal of Australia, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bacterial otitis media in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Pooled it
- Predominant Bacteria Detected from the Middle Ear Fluid of Children Experiencing Otitis Media: A Systematic Review.PloS one · 2016Pooled it
- Pattern recognition receptor signaling in otitis media: immune crosstalk and pathogenic mechanisms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Long-term outcomes of tympanoplasty with persistent air-bone gap in adults with chronic otitis media: hearing, health care utilization and quality of life.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
- Understanding Heritable Variation Among Hosts in Infectious Diseases Through the Lens of Twin Studies.Genes · 2025Review
- Chronic suppurative otitis media: disrupted host-microbial interactions and immune dysregulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Exploration of the Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide Brevinin-1BW.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Fusobacterium necrophorum an Underrecognized Cause of Petrous Apicitis Presenting with Gradenigo Syndrome: A Case Report.The American journal of case reports · 2024Article
- Acute labyrinthitis: a manifestation of COVID-19 in a teenager.BMJ case reports · 2023Article
- Cochlear Implantation in Patients with Bilateral Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss after COVID-19 Infection.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Review
- Gradenigo's Syndrome and Vernet Syndrome as Presenting Signs of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.Cureus · 2023Article
- Polymicrobial Infections and Biofilms: Clinical Significance and Eradication Strategies.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- On-Demand Synthesis of Antiseptics at the Site of Infection for Treatment of Otitis Media.Nano today · 2022Article
- Review
- Ear microbiota and middle ear disease: a longitudinal pilot study of Aboriginal children in a remote south Australian setting.BMC microbiology · 2022Article
- Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Bacterial Aetiologies of Childhood Otitis Media in Accra, Ghana.Microbiology insights · 2022Article
- Contribution of a Novel Pertussis Toxin-Like Factor in Mediating Persistent Otitis Media.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Children with Secondary Care Episodes for Otitis Media Have Poor Literacy and Numeracy Outcomes: A Data Linkage Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Direct SARS-CoV-2 infection of the human inner ear may underlie COVID-19-associated audiovestibular dysfunction.Communications medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Otitis media typically presents as either acute otitis media (AOM), with symptoms including fever, otalgia, otorrhoea or irritability and short duration; or as otitis media with effusion (OME), which is often asymptomatic and characterised by accumulation of fluid in the middle ear. Diagnostic certainty of otitis media is challenging, given the young age of patients and variability of symptoms. Otitis media predominantly occurs as coincident to viral upper respiratory tract infections and/or bacterial infections. Common viruses that cause upper respiratory tract infection are frequently associated with AOM and new-onset OME. These include respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza and coronavirus. Predominant bacteria that cause otitis media are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. Antibiotic therapy does not significantly benefit most patients with AOM, but long-term prophylactic antibiotic therapy can reduce the risk of otitis media recurrence among children at high risk. In Australia, 84% of AOM is treated with antibiotic therapy, which contributes to development of antibiotic resistance. Vaccine development is a key future direction for reducing the world burden of otitis media, but requires polymicrobial formulation and ongoing monitoring and modification to ensure sustained reduction in disease burden.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.