SynthesisDiabetes care2009
Alcohol as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Diabetes care, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 326 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
326 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 685 citations in OpenAlex.
- A review of the relationship between dimensions of alcohol consumption and the burden of disease: 2026 update including Mendelian randomisation studies.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Pooled it
- 2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Management in Korea: Full Version Recommendation of the Korean Diabetes Association.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2024Guideline
- The Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption, BMI, and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis.Diabetes care · 2023Pooled it
- Alcohol Consumption and Cardiovascular Health.The American journal of medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Moderate alcohol consumption and lipoprotein subfractions: a systematic review of intervention and observational studies.Nutrition reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Alcohol and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses Base on Prospective Cohort Studies.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Exploring the Influence of Alcohol Industry Funding in Observational Studies on Moderate Alcohol Consumption and Health.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2020Pooled it
- Perspective: The Role of Beverages as a Source of Nutrients and Phytonutrients.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2020Pooled it
- The Dose-Response Relationship between Alcohol Consumption and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes among Asian Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.Journal of diabetes research · 2020Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Trial
- Adiposity and inflammation mediate altered metabolic profile in individuals with opioid use disorder.Journal of psychiatric research · 2026Article
- Interpreting the Evidence on Wine Consumption and Health: A Narrative Review of the J-Shaped Association and Contemporary Alcohol Guidelines.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Preconception Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Exposure Impacts Offspring Transcriptomes with Sex and Tissue Specific Effects.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Lifetime Drinking Patterns Shape Awareness of Alcohol-Related Chronic Disease Risks in U.S. Adults: Findings From the National Alcohol Survey.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs · 2026Article
- Causal effects of lifestyle and socioeconomic factors on diabetes and its complications and comorbidities: A Mendelian randomization study.Journal of diabetes investigation · 2026Article
- Impact of Moderate Wine Consumption on Type 2 Diabetes.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Mediterranean Dietary Pattern in Type 2 Diabetes Management: Pathways and Clinical Evidence.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Article
- Alterations in glucose and insulin resistance following stress and alcohol cues predict alcohol craving in those with AUD and obesity: A preliminary study.Alcohol, clinical & experimental research · 2026 · on this mapArticle
266 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo clarify the dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsA systematic computer-assisted and hand search was conducted to identify relevant articles with longitudinal design and quantitative measurement of alcohol consumption. Adjustment was made for the sick-quitter effect. We used fractional polynomials in a meta-regression to determine the dose-response relationships by sex and end point using lifetime abstainers as the reference group.
resultsThe search revealed 20 cohort studies that met our inclusion criteria. A U-shaped relationship was found for both sexes. Compared with lifetime abstainers, the relative risk (RR) for type 2 diabetes among men was most protective when consuming 22 g/day alcohol (RR 0.87 [95% CI 0.76-1.00]) and became deleterious at just over 60 g/day alcohol (1.01 [0.71-1.44]). Among women, consumption of 24 g/day alcohol was most protective (0.60 [0.52-0.69]) and became deleterious at about 50 g/day alcohol (1.02 [0.83-1.26]).
conclusionsOur analysis confirms previous research findings that moderate alcohol consumption is protective for type 2 diabetes in men and women.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.