ArticleAIDS (London, England)2009
Polymorphisms in toll-like receptor 4 and toll-like receptor 9 influence viral load in a seroincident cohort of HIV-1-infected individuals.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02904590 (A Prospective Study on the Incidence and Risk Factors Related to Infection in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 50 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Prospective Study on the Incidence and Risk Factors Related to Infection in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 90 citations in OpenAlex.
- Strong Association of the rs4986790 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) of the Toll-Like Receptor 4 (Genes · 2020Pooled it
- Expression of Toll-like Receptors and Chemokine Receptors in the Early and Advanced Stages of HIV Infection Aggravated byInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Gonadocorticoids Have Different Effects on the Expression of Toll-like Receptors When Infected with Various HIV-1 Subtypes.Viruses · 2025Article
- Genetic Variation in Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) 2, 4, and 9 Influences HIV Disease Progression Toward Active TB and AIDS.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Article
- Association of Toll-Like Receptor Gene Polymorphisms with Tuberculosis in HIV-Positive Participants.Epigenomes · 2023Article
- TheCells · 2021Article
- Genetic association of TOLLIP gene polymorphisms and HIV infection: a case-control study.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Article
- The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Retroviral Infection.Microorganisms · 2020Review
- Brief Report: Toll-like Receptor 9-1635A/G Polymorphism Is Associated With HIV-1 Rebound After Four Weeks of Interruption of Antiretroviral Therapy.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2020Article
- TLR9 Polymorphisms Might Contribute to the Ethnicity Bias for EBV-Infected Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.iScience · 2020Article
- Key residues in TLR4-MD2 tetramer formation identified by free energy simulations.PLoS computational biology · 2019Article
- TLR9 polymorphism correlates with immune activation, CD4 decline and plasma IP10 levels in HIV patients.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Article
- Human Genetic Variation and HIV/AIDS in Papua New Guinea: Time to Connect the Dots.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2018Review
- Type I interferon and HIV: Subtle balance between antiviral activity, immunopathogenesis and the microbiome.Cytokine & growth factor reviews · 2018Review
- Toll-like receptor 9 polymorphism is associated with increased Epstein-Barr virus and Cytomegalovirus acquisition in HIV-exposed infants.AIDS (London, England) · 2018Article
- Psoriasis risk SNPs and their association with HIV-1 control.Human immunology · 2017Article
- TLR8 Couples SOCS-1 and Restrains TLR7-Mediated Antiviral Immunity, Exacerbating West Nile Virus Infection in Mice.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2016Article
- Association between different anti-Tat antibody isotypes and HIV disease progression: data from an African cohort.BMC infectious diseases · 2016Article
- HIV-1-exposed seronegative individuals show alteration in TLR expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine production ex vivo: An innate immune quiescence status?Immunologic research · 2016Article
- TLR9 -1486T/C and 2848C/T SNPs Are Associated with Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in Infants.PloS one · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesToll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune sensors that are integral to resisting chronic and opportunistic infections. Mounting evidence implicates TLR polymorphisms in susceptibilities to various infectious diseases, including HIV-1. We investigated the impact of TLR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on clinical outcome in a seroincident cohort of HIV-1-infected volunteers.
designWe analyzed TLR SNPs in 201 antiretroviral treatment-naive HIV-1-infected volunteers from a longitudinal seroincident cohort with regular follow-up intervals (median follow-up 4.2 years, interquartile range 4.4). Participants were stratified into two groups according to either disease progression, defined as peripheral blood CD4(+) T-cell decline over time, or peak and setpoint viral load.
methodsHaplotype tagging SNPs from TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9 were detected by mass array genotyping, and CD4(+) T-cell counts and viral load measurements were determined prior to antiretroviral therapy initiation. The association of TLR haplotypes with viral load and rapid progression was assessed by multivariate regression models using age and sex as covariates.
resultsTwo TLR4 SNPs in strong linkage disequilibrium [1063 A/G (D299G) and 1363 C/T (T399I)] were more frequent among individuals with high peak viral load compared with low/moderate peak viral load (odds ratio 6.65, 95% confidence interval 2.19-20.46, P < 0.001; adjusted P = 0.002 for 1063 A/G). In addition, a TLR9 SNP previously associated with slow progression was found less frequently among individuals with high viral setpoint compared with low/moderate setpoint (odds ratio 0.29, 95% confidence interval 0.13-0.65, P = 0.003, adjusted P = 0.04).
conclusionThis study suggests a potentially new role for TLR4 polymorphisms in HIV-1 peak viral load and confirms a role for TLR9 polymorphisms in disease progression.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.