ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2009
Epigenetic activation of unintegrated HIV-1 genomes by gut-associated short chain fatty acids and its implications for HIV infection.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 97 citations in OpenAlex.
- Undetectable unintegrated HIV-DNA in persons with HIV: frequency and determinants.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- CRISPR-Cas editing technologies for viral-mediated gene therapies of human diseases: Mechanisms, progress, and challenges.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Review
- HIV-1 3΄ polypurine tract mutations and integrase inhibitor resistance.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Review
- Review
- The Impact of Gut Microbial Metabolomics on Type 2 Diabetes Development in People Living with HIV.Metabolites · 2025Review
- Trends and challenges of AAV-delivered gene editing therapeutics for CNS disorders: Implications for neurodegenerative disease.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Review
- Expression of HIV from a 1-LTR circular DNA in the absence of integration.Retrovirology · 2025Article
- The gut microbiota and its metabolite butyrate shape metabolism and antiviral immunity along the gut-lung axis in the chicken.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Engineering single-cycle MeV vector for CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2024Article
- The therapeutic implications of all-in-one AAV-delivered epigenome-editing platform in neurodegenerative disorders.Nature communications · 2024Article
- A Two-Faced Gut Microbiome: Butyrogenic and Proinflammatory Bacteria Predominate in the Intestinal Milieu of People Living with HIV from Western Mexico.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- PTEN Mediates the Silencing of Unintegrated HIV-1 DNA.Viruses · 2024Article
- Advances of Genome Editing with CRISPR/Cas9 in Neurodegeneration: The Right Path towards Therapy.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Change of histone H3 lysine 14 acetylation stoichiometry in human monocyte derived macrophages as determined by MS-based absolute targeted quantitative proteomic approach: HIV infection and methamphetamine exposure.Clinical proteomics · 2023Article
- HIV Preintegration Transcription and Host Antagonism.Current HIV research · 2023Article
- Therapeutic modulation of gene expression in the disease state: Treatment strategies and approaches for the development of next-generation of the epigenetic drugs.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Review
- Fighting HIV-1 Persistence: At the Crossroads of "Shoc-K and B-Lock".Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Lentiviral Vectors for Delivery of Gene-Editing Systems Based on CRISPR/Cas: Current State and Perspectives.Viruses · 2021Review
- Epigenetic Mechanisms of HIV-1 Persistence.Vaccines · 2021Review
- Review
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Integration of HIV-1 linear DNA into the host chromatin is an essential step in the viral life cycle. However, the majority of reverse-transcribed, nuclear-imported viral genomes remain episomal, either as linear or circular DNA. To date, these nonintegrated viral genomes are largely considered "dead-end products" of reverse transcription. Indeed, limited gene expression from nonintegrated HIV-1 has been reported, although the mechanism that renders nonintegrating HIV-1 genomes incapable of supporting efficient viral replication has not been fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that nonintegrating HIV-1 and HIV-1-based vector genomes are organized into chromatin structures and enriched with histone modifications typical of transcriptionally silenced chromatin. Gene expression and replication of nonintegrating HIV-1 was notably increased in vitro upon exposure to histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) in the form of various short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) known to be endogenously produced by normal microbial-gut flora. Furthermore, we demonstrated genetic and functional crosstalk between episomal and integrated vector/viral genomes, resulting in recombination between integrated and nonintegrated HIV-1, as well as mobilization of episomal vector genomes by productive viral particles encoded by integrated viral genomes. Finally, we propose a mechanism describing the role of episomal HIV-1 forms in the viral life cycle in a SCFA-rich gut environment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.