ArticleThe British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners2009
Identification of new risk factors for pneumonia: population-based case-control study.
Article in The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Predisposing factors to acquisition of acute respiratory tract infections in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- A systematic review of the burden of vaccine preventable pneumococcal disease in UK adults.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2016Pooled it
- Chronic kidney disease as a risk factor for acute community-acquired infections in high-income countries: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2014Pooled it
- Risk of pneumonia associated with use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2012Pooled it
- Phosphorothioate backbone modification of oligodeoxynucleotides induces TLR9-independent lung epithelial antimicrobial responses.American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology · 2026Article
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- Comment on the Article: Risk of pneumonia-related hospitalization after initiating angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors compared with angiotensin II receptor blockers: a retrospective cohort study using LIFE Study data.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025Article
- Impact of COVID-19 on functional, cognitive, neuropsychiatric, and health-related outcomes in patients with dementia: A systematic review.eNeurologicalSci · 2025Review
- Proteomic analysis reveals dysregulation of peripheral blood neutrophils in patients with Multiple Sclerosis.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Article
- Risk of pneumonia-related hospitalization after initiating angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors compared with angiotensin II receptor blockers: a retrospective cohort study using LIFE Study data.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Article
- An explainable machine learning-based model to predict intensive care unit admission among patients with community-acquired pneumonia and connective tissue disease.Respiratory research · 2024Article
- Incontinence Is an Independent Risk Factor for Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty.Arthroplasty today · 2024Article
- Article
- Naturally acquired adaptive immunity toClinical & translational immunology · 2024Article
- Risk factors and interventions for developing recurrent pneumonia in older adults.ERJ open research · 2023Article
- Comorbidity in the aging population with multiple sclerosis: a Danish nationwide study.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Review
- Nasolacrimal transition time in patients with multiple sclerosis.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2021Article
- Association Between Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Stroke-Associated Pneumonia - An Epidemiological Study.Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association · 2021Article
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3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCertain conditions are established as risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia. There are a number of other conditions that may also be risk factors, but information on these is limited.
aimTo determine new independent risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia using a very large primary care database. DESIGN OF STUDY: Nested case-control study.
settingFour hundred and forty-three general practices in the UK contributing to the QRESEARCH database.
methodA total of 17 172 incident cases of all ages diagnosed with pneumonia between 1996 and 2005 were matched with up to five controls by age, sex, general practice, and calendar year. Associations between pneumonia and each established condition and potential risk factors were determined with odds ratios (ORs), using multiple conditional logistic regression analysis adjusted for smoking, socioeconomic status, and use of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines.
resultsThe analysis confirmed the higher risk of pneumonia among patients with at least one of the established risk factors; the adjusted OR was 2.29 (95% confidence interval [CI]=2.20 to 2.39). In addition, patients with the following conditions had a higher risk of pneumonia despite adjustment for known risk factors and confounders: stroke or transient ischaemic attack, rheumatoid arthritis, Parkinson's disease, cancers, multiple sclerosis, dementia, and osteoporosis. The adjusted OR for pneumonia among patients without an established risk factor but with at least one of the new conditions was 2.44 (95% CI=2.24 to 2.65).
conclusionAs well as confirming some established risk factors, this study has determined seven new independent risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia.
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