ArticleCMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne2009
Smoking of crack cocaine as a risk factor for HIV infection among people who use injection drugs.
Article in CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 139 citations in OpenAlex.
- All-cause and cause-specific mortality among people with regular or problematic cocaine use: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2021Pooled it
- Cocaine-using substance abuse treatment patients with and without HIV respond well to contingency management treatment.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2017Trial
- Risk behavior among women enrolled in a randomized controlled efficacy trial of an adenoviral vector vaccine to prevent HIV acquisition.AIDS (London, England) · 2013Trial
- Do crack smoking practices change with the introduction of safer crack kits?Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publiqueTrial
- Innovation, respiration and drug paraphernalia policy: a mixed methods study of crack pipe practice and respiratory harm in England.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Crack-cocaine use practices, harms and respiratory problems: an analysis of gender differences using data from a cross-sectional survey in England.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Safe inhalation pipe provision (SIPP): protocol for a mixed-method evaluation of an intervention to improve health outcomes and service engagement among people who use crack cocaine in England.Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Peer recovery coaching for comprehensive HIV, hepatitis C, and opioid use disorder management: The CHORUS pilot study.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2023Article
- Impact of an addiction medicine consult team intervention in a Canadian inner city hospital on acute care utilization: a pragmatic quasi-experimental study.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2022Article
- High-intensity cannabis use and hospitalization: a prospective cohort study of street-involved youth in Vancouver, Canada.Harm reduction journal · 2021Article
- Combining respondent-driven sampling with a community-based participatory action study of people who smoke drugs in two cities in British Columbia, Canada.Harm reduction journal · 2021Article
- Under-documentation of psychiatric diagnoses among persons living with HIV in electronic medical records.AIDS care · 2021Article
- 'Resurgent', 'twin' or 'silent' epidemic? A select data overview and observations on increasing psycho-stimulant use and harms in North America.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2021Article
- To what extent do supervised drug consumption services incorporate non-injection routes of administration? A systematic scoping review documenting existing facilities.Harm reduction journal · 2020Article
- Employment Cessation, Long Term Labour Market Engagement and HIV Infection Risk Among People Who Inject Drugs in an Urban Canadian Setting.AIDS and behavior · 2019Article
- Cocaine Use Disorder Is Associated With Changes in Th1/Th2/Th17 Cytokines and Lymphocytes Subsets.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Article
- Drug use and phylogenetic clustering of hepatitis C virus infection among people who use drugs in Vancouver, Canada: A latent class analysis approach.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2018Article
- Intentional cannabis use to reduce crack cocaine use in a Canadian setting: A longitudinal analysis.Addictive behaviors · 2017Observational
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLittle is known about the possible role that smoking crack cocaine has on the incidence of HIV infection. Given the increasing use of crack cocaine, we sought to examine whether use of this illicit drug has become a risk factor for HIV infection.
methodsWe included data from people participating in the Vancouver Injection Drug Users Study who reported injecting illicit drugs at least once in the month before enrolment, lived in the greater Vancouver area, were HIV-negative at enrolment and completed at least 1 follow-up study visit. To determine whether the risk of HIV seroconversion among daily smokers of crack cocaine changed over time, we used Cox proportional hazards regression and divided the study into 3 periods: May 1, 1996-Nov. 30, 1999 (period 1), Dec. 1, 1999-Nov. 30, 2002 (period 2), and Dec. 1, 2002-Dec. 30, 2005 (period 3).
resultsOverall, 1048 eligible injection drug users were included in our study. Of these, 137 acquired HIV infection during follow-up. The mean proportion of participants who reported daily smoking of crack cocaine increased from 11.6% in period 1 to 39.7% in period 3. After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that the risk of HIV seroconversion among participants who were daily smokers of crack cocaine increased over time (period 1: hazard ratio [HR] 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57-1.85; period 2: HR 1.68, 95% CI 1.01-2.80; and period 3: HR 2.74, 95% CI 1.06-7.11).
interpretationSmoking of crack cocaine was found to be an independent risk factor for HIV seroconversion among people who were injection drug users. This finding points to the urgent need for evidence-based public health initiatives targeted at people who smoke crack cocaine.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.