ArticleCell host & microbe2009
Divergence of macrophage phagocytic and antimicrobial programs in leprosy.
Article in Cell host & microbe, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 100 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
100 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 197 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- A canine macrophage cell line that can be polarized provides a model for canine macrophage differentiation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The Sm29 antigen differentially shapes transcriptomic and regulatory landscapes across reactional forms of leprosy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Immunological characteristics and functions of macrophages in Mycobacterium leprae infection.BMC immunology · 2025Article
- Dynamics of Th1/Th17 responses and antimicrobial pathways in leprosy skin lesions.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- IFN-γ-Driven macrophage responses in the immunity toFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Insufficient CXCL13 secretion in leprosy foamy macrophages attenuates lymphocyte recruitment and antimicrobial protein production.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Review
- Xenophagy as a Strategy forPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Macrophage Biology in Human Granulomatous Skin Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Pathogenicity and virulence ofVirulence · 2022Review
- Review
- Gene expression patterns associated with multidrug therapy in multibacillary leprosy.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Gene Expression Profile ofFrontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Autophagy-Associated IL-15 Production Is Involved in the Pathogenesis of Leprosy Type 1 Reaction.Cells · 2021Article
- The cellular architecture of the antimicrobial response network in human leprosy granulomas.Nature immunology · 2021Article
- Reduction of host cell mitochondrial activity as Mycobacterium leprae's strategy to evade host innate immunity.Immunological reviews · 2021Review
- Susceptibility and resistance in leprosy: Studies in the mouse model.Immunological reviews · 2021Review
- Autophagy as a Target for Drug Development Of Skin Infection Caused by Mycobacteria.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Antimicrobial Activity of Neutrophils Against Mycobacteria.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
40 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Effective innate immunity against many microbial pathogens requires macrophage programs that upregulate phagocytosis and direct antimicrobial pathways, two functions generally assumed to be coordinately regulated. We investigated the regulation of these key functions in human blood-derived macrophages. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) induced the phagocytic pathway, including the C-type lectin CD209 and scavenger receptors, resulting in phagocytosis of mycobacteria and oxidized low-density lipoprotein. IL-15 induced the vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial pathway and CD209, yet the cells were less phagocytic. The differential regulation of macrophage functional programs was confirmed by analysis of leprosy lesions: the macrophage phagocytosis pathway was prominent in the clinically progressive, multibacillary form of the disease, whereas the vitamin D-dependent antimicrobial pathway predominated in the self-limited form and in patients undergoing reversal reactions from the multibacillary to the self-limited form. These data indicate that macrophage programs for phagocytosis and antimicrobial responses are distinct and differentially regulated in innate immunity to bacterial infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.