ArticleCell2009
Induction of intestinal Th17 cells by segmented filamentous bacteria.
Article in Cell, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2,674 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2,674 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Mechanistic Investigation of Exercise Interventions in Rodent Models of Alzheimer's Disease and Prospects for Clinical Translation.Neural plasticity · 2026Pooled it
- Microbiome and well-being: a meta-analysis.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2025Pooled it
- Activation of the interleukin-23/Th17 axis in major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Review
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- Oral delivery of recombinantDrug delivery · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota in chronic inflammation: the interplay with lipid mediators.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Article
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- The gut microbiota as a regulator of intestinal stem-cell fate: bacterial and fungal control of differentiation and regeneration.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Gut-lung axis and microbiome alterations in mycobacterial infections: from pathogenesis to therapeutic potential.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- The gut microbiome and mitochondrial function in metabolism, immunity, and disease.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Nutritional regulation of gut-brain immune crosstalk across the lifespan.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Eggerthella lenta: metabolism, pathogenesis and therapeutic implications.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- T cell fate is dictated by different antigen-presenting cells in response to dietary versus gut epithelial self-antigen.Immunity · 2026Article
- Microbial cues and T cell immunity: deciphering their interactions in chronic liver disease.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Diverse infections transcriptionally reprogram the intestinal epithelium and epithelial-immune cell interactions.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Gut microbiome dynamics in acute infectious diarrhea: A conceptual framework from acute dysbiosis toward precision restoration (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2026Review
- Mucin degradation by Akkermansia muciniphila promotes Alistipes-dependent tryptophan metabolism and Th17-driven autoimmunity.Mucosal immunology · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota-Mucosal Immune Interactions Underlying Intestinal Homeostasis in Weaned Piglets.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
2,614 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract of mammals is inhabited by hundreds of distinct species of commensal microorganisms that exist in a mutualistic relationship with the host. How commensal microbiota influence the host immune system is poorly understood. We show here that colonization of the small intestine of mice with a single commensal microbe, segmented filamentous bacterium (SFB), is sufficient to induce the appearance of CD4(+) T helper cells that produce IL-17 and IL-22 (Th17 cells) in the lamina propria. SFB adhere tightly to the surface of epithelial cells in the terminal ileum of mice with Th17 cells but are absent from mice that have few Th17 cells. Colonization with SFB was correlated with increased expression of genes associated with inflammation and antimicrobial defenses and resulted in enhanced resistance to the intestinal pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. Thus, manipulation of this commensal-regulated pathway may provide new opportunities for enhancing mucosal immunity and treating autoimmune disease.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.