ArticleBMC microbiology2009
Outer membrane vesicle-mediated release of cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) from Campylobacter jejuni.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 174 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cellular effects of outer membrane vesicles isolated from pks-positive strains of bacteria.Research square · 2026Article
- Dual mode of delivery ofmBio · 2026Article
- A One Health perspective on bacterial extracellular vesicles as mediators of antimicrobial resistance spread.ISME communications · 2026Article
- Membrane Stress Enhances Specific PQS-Lipid Interactions That Drive Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicle Biogenesis.Membranes · 2025Article
- Bioengineering Outer-Membrane Vesicles for Vaccine Development: Strategies, Advances, and Perspectives.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Campylobacter jejuni regulates cell cycle progression to potentiate host cell invasion.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Article
- An invasive phenotype induced by relaxation of DNA supercoiling inMicrobiology (Reading, England) · 2025Article
- Co-purification of the GroEL chaperone during outer membrane vesicle purification: insights fromMicrobiology (Reading, England) · 2025Article
- Pathogenicity and virulence ofVirulence · 2024Review
- Campylobacter jejuni virulence factors: update on emerging issues and trends.Journal of biomedical science · 2024Review
- Extracellular Vesicles fromJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
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- Colony phase variation switch modulates antimicrobial tolerance and biofilm formation inMicrobiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Article
- Microscopic messengers: microbiota-derived bacterial extracellular vesicles in inflammatory bowel disease.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- Availability of iron ions impacts physicochemical properties and proteome of outer membrane vesicles released by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The Two Faces of Bacterial Membrane Vesicles: Pathophysiological Roles and Therapeutic Opportunities.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Emerging role of bacterial outer membrane vesicle in gastrointestinal tract.Gut pathogens · 2023Review
- Evaluation of β-Lactamase Enzyme Activity in Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) Isolated from Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Evolution and Role of Proteases inBiomolecules · 2023Review
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBackground: Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is one of the well-characterized virulence factors of Campylobacter jejuni, but it is unknown how CDT becomes surface-exposed or is released from the bacterium to the surrounding environment.
resultsOur data suggest that CDT is secreted to the bacterial culture supernatant via outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released from the bacteria. All three subunits (the CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC proteins) were detected by immunogold labeling and electron microscopy of OMVs. Subcellular fractionation of the bacteria indicated that, apart from the majority of CDT detected in the cytoplasmic compartment, appreciable amounts (20-50%) of the cellular pool of CDT proteins were present in the periplasmic compartment. In the bacterial culture supernatant, we found that a majority of the extracellular CDT was tightly associated with the OMVs. Isolated OMVs could exert the cell distending effects typical of CDT on a human intestinal cell line, indicating that CDT is present there in a biologically active form.
conclusionOur results strongly suggest that the release of outer membrane vesicles is functioning as a route of C. jejuni to deliver all the subunits of CDT toxin (CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC) to the surrounding environment, including infected host tissue.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.