ReviewToxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology2010
Mechanisms mediating the vesicant actions of sulfur mustard after cutaneous exposure.
Review in Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, 2010. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 86 papers.
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Who cites it
86 citing papers in PubMed, 211 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of immunotherapy with interferon-gamma in the management of chronic sulfur mustard-induced cutaneous complications: comparison with topical betamethasone 1%.TheScientificWorldJournal · 2012Trial
- From melanogenesis to melanin technologies.Communications chemistry · 2025Review
- Alterations in the Expression of miR-148a-5p, TGF-β1, and TGF-βR2 in Skin Samples Exposed to Sulfur Mustard.Iranian biomedical journal · 2025Article
- Long-term pulmonary complications in sulfur mustard-exposed patients: gene expression and DNA methylation of OGG1.BioImpacts : BI · 2025Article
- Attenuation of skin injury by a MARCO targeting PLGA nanoparticle.NPJ Regenerative medicine · 2024Article
- Mesna Improves Outcomes of Sulfur Mustard Inhalation Toxicity in an Acute Rat Model.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2024Article
- HSP90, a Common Therapeutic Target for Suppressing Skin Injury Caused by Exposure to Chemically Diverse Classes of Blistering Agents.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2024Article
- Treatment of Sulfur Mustard Corneal Injury by Augmenting the DNA Damage Response (DDR): A Novel Approach.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2024Article
- RETRACTED: Mitigation of Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Skin Injury by theThe Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2024Article
- Dermal Exposure to Vesicating Nettle Agent Phosgene Oxime: Clinically Relevant Biomarkers and Skin Injury Progression in Murine Models.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2024Article
- Topical application of synthetic melanin promotes tissue repair.NPJ Regenerative medicine · 2023Article
- Skin Models Used to Define Mechanisms of Action of Sulfur Mustard.Disaster medicine and public health preparedness · 2023Review
- Article
- Melatonin as Modulator for Sulfur and Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage: Molecular Therapeutics.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Nitrogen Mustard Alkylates and Cross-Links p53 in Human Keratinocytes.Chemical research in toxicology · 2022Article
- Effect of dexamethasone treatment at variable therapeutic windows in reversing nitrogen mustard-induced corneal injuries in rabbit ocular in vivo model.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2022Article
- A review of chemical warfare agents linked to respiratory and neurological effects experienced in Gulf War Illness.Inhalation toxicology · 2022Review
- Ophthalmological aspects of mustard gas poisoning (focus on management).Caspian journal of internal medicine · 2022Review
- Possible Treatment Approaches of Sulfur Mustard-Induced Lung Disorders, Experimental and Clinical Evidence, an Updated Review.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- Mast Cells Promote Nitrogen Mustard-Mediated Toxicity in the Lung Associated With Proinflammatory Cytokine and Bioactive Lipid Mediator Production.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2021Article
26 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (SM), a chemical weapon first employed during World War I, targets the skin, eyes, and lung. It remains a significant military and civilian threat. The characteristic response of human skin to SM involves erythema of delayed onset, followed by edema with inflammatory cell infiltration, the appearance of large blisters in the affected area, and a prolonged healing period. Several in vivo and in vitro models have been established to understand the pathology and investigate the mechanism of action of this vesicating agent in the skin. SM is a bifunctional alkylating agent which reacts with many targets including lipids, proteins, and DNA, forming both intra- and intermolecular cross-links. Despite the relatively nonselective chemical reactivity of this agent, basal keratinocytes are more sensitive, and blistering involves detachment of these cells from their basement membrane adherence zones. The sequence and manner in which these cells die and detach is still unresolved. Much has been discovered over the past two decades with respect to the mechanisms of SM-induced cytotoxicity and the intracellular and extracellular targets of this vesicant. In this review, the effects of SM exposure on the skin are described, as well as potential mechanisms mediating its actions. Successful therapy for SM poisoning will depend on following new mechanistic leads to develop drugs that target one or more of its sites of action.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.