ReviewJournal of the American College of Cardiology2009
Women and ischemic heart disease: evolving knowledge.
Review in Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02910154 (Comprehensive Treatment of Angina in Women With Microvascular Dysfunction - a Proof of Concept Study of the iPower Cohort), which is not on this map. Cited by 265 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Comprehensive Treatment of Angina in Women With Microvascular Dysfunction - a Proof of Concept Study of the iPower Cohort
Who cites it
265 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 656 citations in OpenAlex.
- The prognostic value of coronary flow reserve in patients with non-obstructive coronary artery disease and microvascular dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis with focus on imaging modality and sex difference.The international journal of cardiovascular imaging · 2023Pooled it
- Association between inflammatory bowel disease and risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Participation of Women and Older Participants in Randomized Clinical Trials of Lipid-Lowering Therapies: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2020Pooled it
- Sex Differences in Coronary Microvascular Function in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes.Diabetes · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Implicit Gender Bias and the Use of Cardiovascular Tests Among Cardiologists.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2017Trial
- Trial
- Predictors of Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Co-Morbid Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease.PloS one · 2016Trial
- Influence of age, gender, and race on nitric oxide release over acupuncture points-meridians.Scientific reports · 2015Trial
- Differences of plaque burden measures on CCTA in younger men and women.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2026Article
- Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction: Pathophysiology, Clinical Phenotypes, and Mechanism-Guided Diagnostic Strategies.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026Review
- Age- and Sex-Related Patterns in Coronary CT Angiography Referrals and Coronary Atherosclerotic Burden: A Single-Center Real-World Referral-Based Analysis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Association between right-hand 2D:4D ratio and left main coronary artery stenosis in women.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Observational
- Short-Term Exposure to Ambient Ozone and Fine Particulate Matter and Its Components Increases the Risk of In-Hospital Adverse Outcomes in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Time-Stratified Case-Crossover Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Effectiveness and Safety of Hybrid Comprehensive Telerehabilitation in Women with Heart Failure-A Subanalysis of the TELEREH-HF Randomized Clinical Trial.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- "Pericoronary adipose tissue attenuation as a marker of global coronary inflammation rather than lesion-specific risk".Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
- Sex differences in mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention: a contemporary nationwide registry and prospective cohort analysis.Annals of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Review
- Women's heart disease research in the netherlands: angina with non-obstructive coronary artery disease and beyond.Netherlands heart journal : monthly journal of the Netherlands Society of Cardiology and the Netherlands Heart Foundation · 2025Review
- Plaque, Prodromes, and Personalized Care: A Case Report Reframing Left Main Coronary Artery Occlusion in Females.Cureus · 2025Article
205 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Evolving knowledge regarding sex differences in coronary heart disease is emerging. Given the lower burden of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) and preserved systolic function in women, which contrasts with greater rates of myocardial ischemia and near-term mortality compared with men, we propose the term "ischemic heart disease" as appropriate for this discussion specific to women rather than CAD or coronary heart disease (CHD). This paradoxical difference, where women have lower rates of anatomical CAD but more symptoms, ischemia, and adverse outcomes, appears linked to abnormal coronary reactivity that includes microvascular dysfunction. Novel risk factors can improve the Framingham risk score, including inflammatory markers and reproductive hormones, as well as noninvasive imaging and functional capacity measurements. Risk for women with obstructive CAD is increased compared with men, yet women are less likely to receive guideline-indicated therapies. In the setting of non-ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction, interventional strategies are equally effective in biomarker-positive women and men, whereas conservative management is indicated for biomarker-negative women. For women with evidence of ischemia but no obstructive CAD, antianginal and anti-ischemic therapies can improve symptoms, endothelial function, and quality of life; however, trials evaluating impact on adverse outcomes are needed. We hypothesize that women experience more adverse outcomes compared with men because obstructive CAD remains the current focus of therapeutic strategies. Continued research is indicated to devise therapeutic regimens to improve symptom burden and reduce risk in women with ischemic heart disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.