ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2009
Fluorescent imaging of antigen released by a skin-invading helminth reveals differential uptake and activation profiles by antigen presenting cells.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Schistosomiasis: cercarial finding and recognizing of human hosts as a prerequisite of invasion.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- From cercariae to chronic inflammation: understanding schistosome infection and host immune responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Getting into host's skin: initial immune response toFrontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Schistosome egg-derived extracellular vesicles deliver Sja-miR-71a inhibits host macrophage and neutrophil extracellular traps via targeting Sema4D.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2023Article
- Immunological mechanisms involved in macrophage activation and polarization in schistosomiasis.Parasitology · 2023Review
- A cercarial invadolysin interferes with the host immune response and facilitates infection establishment of Schistosoma mansoni.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- An atlas of the germ ball-cercaria-schistosomulum transition inCurrent research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases · 2022Article
- Pattern recognition receptor signaling and innate immune responses to schistosome infection.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Understanding the Pathophysiology of Exosomes in Schistosomiasis: A New Direction for Disease Control and Prevention.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Review
- Schistosoma mansoni immunomodulatory molecule Sm16/SPO-1/SmSLP is a member of the trematode-specific helminth defence molecules (HDMs).PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2020Article
- Immune Evasion Strategies of Schistosomes.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Monocyte and Macrophage-Mediated Pathology and Protective Immunity During Schistosomiasis.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Review
- DC-SIGN mediated internalisation of glycosylated extracellular vesicles fromJournal of extracellular vesicles · 2020Article
- Intravital imaging of host-parasite interactions in skin and adipose tissues.Cellular microbiology · 2019Review
- In vivo fluorescent cercariae reveal the entry portals of Cardiocephaloides longicollis (Rudolphi, 1819) Dubois, 1982 (Strigeidae) into the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata L.Parasites & vectors · 2019Article
- Sm16, AJournal of immunology research · 2019Article
- Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula antigens induce Th1/Pro-inflammatory cytokine responses.Parasite immunology · 2018Article
- Early Induction of Human Regulatory Dermal Antigen Presenting Cells by Skin-PenetratingFrontiers in immunology · 2018Article
- MiR-277/4989 regulate transcriptional landscape during juvenile to adult transition in the parasitic helminth Schistosoma mansoni.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Infection of the mammalian host by the parasitic helminth Schistosoma mansoni is accompanied by the release of excretory/secretory molecules (ES) from cercariae which aid penetration of the skin. These ES molecules are potent stimulants of innate immune cells leading to activation of acquired immunity. At present however, it is not known which cells take up parasite antigen, nor its intracellular fate. Here, we develop a technique to label live infectious cercariae which permits the imaging of released antigens into macrophages (MPhi) and dendritic cells (DCs) both in vitro and in vivo. The amine reactive tracer CFDA-SE was used to efficiently label the acetabular gland contents of cercariae which are released upon skin penetration. These ES products, termed '0-3hRP', were phagocytosed by MHC-II(+) cells in a Ca(+) and actin-dependent manner. Imaging of a labelled cercaria as it penetrates the host skin over 2 hours reveals the progressive release of ES material. Recovery of cells from the skin shows that CFDA-SE labelled ES was initially (3 hrs) taken up by Gr1(+)MHC-II(-) neutrophils, followed (24 hrs) by skin-derived F4/80(+)MHC-II(lo) MPhi and CD11c(+) MHC-II(hi) DC. Subsequently (48 hrs), MPhi and DC positive for CFDA-SE were detected in the skin-draining lymph nodes reflecting the time taken for antigen-laden cells to reach sites of immune priming. Comparison of in vitro-derived MPhi and DC revealed that MPhi were slower to process 0-3hRP, released higher quantities of IL-10, and expressed a greater quantity of arginase-1 transcript. Combined, our observations on differential uptake of cercarial ES by MPhi and DC suggest the development of a dynamic but ultimately balanced response that can be potentially pushed towards immune priming (via DC) or immune regulation (via MPhi).
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.