ArticleNature2009
Effector T cell interactions with meningeal vascular structures in nascent autoimmune CNS lesions.
Article in Nature, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 386 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
386 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Investigating the blood-spinal cord barrier in preclinical models: a systematic review of in vivo imaging techniques.Spinal cord · 2021Pooled it
- Enlarged perivascular spaces in multiple sclerosis on magnetic resonance imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of neurology · 2020Pooled it
- The Impact of Antigen Presentation on BBB Disruption and Neuroinflammation.Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Review
- MASH-Associated T Cell Activation and Neuroinflammation: Evidence for a Hepatosystemic Immune Axis.Seminars in liver disease · 2026Review
- Biochemical signals from the extracellular matrix in inflammation and tumour immunology.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- The Glymphatic System and Meningeal Lymphatics: Current Understandings and Future Perspectives.MedComm · 2026Review
- The meninges as a neuroimmune interface: structure, barriers and roles in CNS disease.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Review
- From intestinal immune niches to systemic inflammation: programming cellular plasticity and immune redistribution across organs.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Selective inhibition of mitochondrial Kv1.3 prevents and alleviates multiple sclerosis in vivo.EMBO molecular medicine · 2025Article
- Incorporating meningeal immunity into vaccine development.Nature communications · 2025Review
- In vivo imaging of the barrier properties of the glia limitans during health and neuroinflammation.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Redefining CNS immune privilege.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Post-Translational Modified Neoantigens in Autoimmune Diseases: Challenges of Immune Tolerance.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Review
- Multiple low dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes as a model for studying autoimmune diabetes in humans.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Identification of the velum interpositum as a meningeal-CNS route for myeloid cell trafficking into the brain.Neuron · 2025Article
- Role of CSF flow and meningeal barriers in the development of inflammatory lesions at the CNS-PNS transition zone of cranial nerves in autoimmune demyelinating diseases.Acta neuropathologica · 2025Article
- Review
- Article
- Novel co-culture model of T cells and midbrain organoids for investigating neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- Macrophage invasion into the Drosophila brain requires JAK/STAT-dependent MMP activation in the blood-brain barrier.PLoS biology · 2025Article
326 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The tissues of the central nervous system are effectively shielded from the blood circulation by specialized vessels that are impermeable not only to cells, but also to most macromolecules circulating in the blood. Despite this seemingly absolute seclusion, central nervous system tissues are subject to immune surveillance and are vulnerable to autoimmune attacks. Using intravital two-photon imaging in a Lewis rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, here we present in real-time the interactive processes between effector T cells and cerebral structures from their first arrival to manifest autoimmune disease. We observed that incoming effector T cells successively scanned three planes. The T cells got arrested to leptomeningeal vessels and immediately monitored the luminal surface, crawling preferentially against the blood flow. After diapedesis, the cells continued their scan on the abluminal vascular surface and the underlying leptomeningeal (pial) membrane. There, the T cells encountered phagocytes that effectively present antigens, foreign as well as myelin proteins. These contacts stimulated the effector T cells to produce pro-inflammatory mediators, and provided a trigger to tissue invasion and the formation of inflammatory infiltrations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
19829296What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.