ReviewParasite immunology2009
Filariasis and lymphoedema.
Review in Parasite immunology, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 164 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biomaterials in the clinical treatment of lymphedema-a systematic review.Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders · 2024Pooled it
- Computational Validation of Tecomella undulata Bark as a Source of Anti-Filarial Leads Targeting UDP-Galactopyranose Mutase.The protein journal · 2026Article
- Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in Health and Disease.MedComm · 2026Review
- A Practical Algorithm for Donor- and Recipient-site Selection in Vascularized Lymph Node Transfer in Extremity Lymphedema.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2026Article
- From defense to disease: the multifaceted role of lymphatics during infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Review
- Current perspectives in the epidemiology and control of lymphatic filariasis.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Unraveling the Dynamics of Human Filarial Infections: Immunological Responses, Host Manifestations, and Pathogen Biology.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Multi-dimensional analysis of B cells reveals the expansion of memory and regulatory B-cell clusters in humans living in rural tropical areas.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2025Article
- Characteristics and advances in signaling pathways, cellular communication, cell junctions, and oxidative stress in lymphedema.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Podoconiosis in Uganda: prevalence, geographical distribution and risk factors.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · 2024Article
- Differences of in vitro immune responses between patent and pre-patent Litomosoides sigmodontis-infected mice are independent of the filarial antigenic stimulus used.Parasitology research · 2024Article
- Current Status of the Diagnosis ofPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Beyond Tradition: Exploring Cutting-Edge Approaches for Accurate Diagnosis of Human Filariasis.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- The MraY Inhibitor Muraymycin D2 and Its Derivatives Induce Enlarged Cells in Obligate IntracellularAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Stage-Dependent Increase of Systemic Immune Activation and CCR5Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Use of medicinal plants as a remedy against lymphatic filariasis: Current status and future prospect.Health science reports · 2023Article
- Reduced Type 2 Innate Lymphocyte Cell Frequencies in PatentPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Filariasis research - from basic research to drug development and novel diagnostics, over a decade of research at the Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Bonn, Germany.Frontiers in tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Article
- The Domestic Dog as a Laboratory Host forPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Among the causes of lymphoedema (LE), secondary LE due to filariasis is the most prevalent. It affects only a minority of the 120 million people infected with the causative organisms of lymphatic filariasis (LF), Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi/timori, but is clustered in families, indicating a genetic basis for development of this pathology. The majority of infected individuals develop filarial-specific immunosuppression that starts even before birth in cases where mothers are infected and is characterized by regulatory T-cell responses and high levels of IgG4, thus tolerating high parasite loads and microfilaraemia. In contrast, individuals with this pathology show stronger immune reactions biased towards Th1, Th2 and probably also Th17. Importantly, as for the aberrant lymph vessel development, innate immune responses that are triggered by the filarial antigen ultimately result in the activation of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), thus promoting lymph vessel hyperplasia as a first step to lymphoedema development. Wolbachia endosymbionts are major inducers of these responses in vitro, and their depletion by doxycycline in LF patients reduces plasma VEGF and soluble VEGF-receptor-3 levels to those seen in endemic normals preceding pathology improvement. The search for the immunogenetic basis for LE could lead to the identification of risk factors and thus, to prevention; and has so far led to the identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with potential functional relevance to VEGF, cytokine and toll-like receptor (TLR) genes. Hydrocele, a pathology with some similarity to LE in which both lymph vessel dilation and lymph extravasation are shared sequelae, has been found to be strongly associated with a VEGF-A SNP known for upregulation of this (lymph-)angiogenesis factor.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.