ArticleVaccine2009
The smallpox vaccine induces an early neutralizing IgM response.
Article in Vaccine, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Early Pro-Inflammatory Signal and T-Cell Activation Associate With Vaccine-Induced Anti-Vaccinia Protective Neutralizing Antibodies.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Pan-genome and reverse vaccinology for a multi-epitope vaccine against circulating post-2022 Monkeypox virus strains.PloS one · 2026Article
- The immune response to lumpy skin disease virus in cattle is influenced by inoculation route.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Envelope-Specific IgG3 and IgG1 Responses Are Associated with Clearance of Acute Hepatitis C Virus Infection.Viruses · 2020Article
- Acquisition and decay of IgM and IgG responses to merozoite antigens after Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Ghanaian children.PloS one · 2020Article
- IL-33 enhances the kinetics and quality of the antibody response to a DNA and protein-based HIV-1 Env vaccine.Vaccine · 2019Article
- Review
- Follicular Helper T Cells are Essential for the Elimination of Plasmodium Infection.EBioMedicine · 2017Article
- Article
- Defending against smallpox: a focus on vaccines.Expert review of vaccines · 2016Review
- Impaired innate, humoral, and cellular immunity despite a take in smallpox vaccine recipients.Vaccine · 2016Article
- Bioluminescent imaging of vaccinia virus infection in immunocompetent and immunodeficient rats as a model for human smallpox.Scientific reports · 2015Article
- Review
- Unusual features of vaccinia virus extracellular virion form neutralization resistance revealed in human antibody responses to the smallpox vaccine.Journal of virology · 2013Article
- Article
- CD8 T cells are essential for recovery from a respiratory vaccinia virus infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2012Article
- The receptor Ly108 functions as a SAP adaptor-dependent on-off switch for T cell help to B cells and NKT cell development.Immunity · 2012Article
- Immune modulation in primary vaccinia virus zoonotic human infections.Clinical & developmental immunology · 2012Article
- Preferential replication of vaccinia virus in the ovaries is independent of immune regulation through IL-10 and TGF-β.Viral immunology · 2011Article
- B cell-specific expression of B7-2 is required for follicular Th cell function in response to vaccinia virus.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2011Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The antibody response elicited after immunization with vaccinia virus (VacV) is known to be sufficient to confer host protection against VacV or smallpox. In humans it has been shown that such anti-VacV antibody production can be sustained for decades. Nevertheless, little is known about the kinetics and the role in protection of the early antibody response after vaccination. In this study we identify VacV neutralizing IgM antibodies as early as 4 days after infection of C57BL/6 mice. Most of this IgM production is T cell dependent and predominantly independent of the germinal center reaction (SAP/SH2D1A independent). Importantly, the IgM neutralized both infectious forms of VacV: the intracellular mature virion (MV, IMV) and the extracellular enveloped virion (EV, EEV). Moreover, in mice primed with MHCII restricted peptides, an increase in the total VacV neutralizing antibody titers was seen, a large component of which was neutralizing IgM against the same protein from which the priming peptide was derived. To further demonstrate the biological relevance of this early neutralizing response, we examined anti-VacV antibodies in humans after vaccination. Human subjects could be divided into two groups early after immunization: IgG(hi) and IgG(lo). VacV IgM neutralizing antibodies were detected in the IgG(lo) group. Taken together these results indicate that both in a small animal model and in humans an early neutralizing IgM response after VacV immunization is present and likely contributes to control of the infection prior to the development of a robust IgG response.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.