ArticlePloS one2009
Successful small intestine colonization of adult mice by Vibrio cholerae requires ketamine anesthesia and accessory toxins.
Article in PloS one, 2009. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genomic Analysis and Virulence Features of Vibrio cholerae Non-O1/Non-O139 Harbouring CARB-Type β-Lactamases From Freshwater Bodies, Argentina.Environmental microbiology reports · 2025Article
- Enigmatic roles ofJournal of bacteriology · 2025Review
- Non-O1/Non-O139Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Biofilm formation on human immune cells is a multicellular predation strategy of Vibrio cholerae.Cell · 2023Article
- Intestinal colonization againstAIMS microbiology · 2023Review
- Advances in cholera research: from molecular biology to public health initiatives.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- ToxT Regulon Is Nonessential for Vibrio cholerae Colonization in Adult Mice.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2022Article
- Actin Cross-Linking Effector Domain of theInfection and immunity · 2022Article
- Animal models for dissecting Vibrio cholerae intestinal pathogenesis and immunity.Current opinion in microbiology · 2022Review
- Article
- Proteomic analysis of the host-pathogen interface in experimental cholera.Nature chemical biology · 2021Article
- Protocol for Microbiome Transplantation in Suckling Mice duringSTAR protocols · 2020Article
- Transcriptional Silencing by TsrA in the Evolution of Pathogenic Vibrio cholerae Biotypes.mBio · 2020Article
- Interpersonal Gut Microbiome Variation Drives Susceptibility and Resistance to Cholera Infection.Cell · 2020Article
- TheScience signaling · 2020Article
- Role of coaggregation in the pathogenicity and prolonged colonisation of Vibrio cholerae.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2019Article
- Host-Microbe-Pathogen Interactions: A Review ofFrontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- The Modes of Action of MARTX Toxin Effector Domains.Toxins · 2018Review
- Accessory Toxins ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2018Review
- Quantifying Vibrio cholerae Enterotoxicity in a Zebrafish Infection Model.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae colonizes the small intestine of adult C57BL/6 mice. In this study, the physical and genetic parameters that facilitate this colonization were investigated. Successful colonization was found to depend upon anesthesia with ketamine-xylazine and neutralization of stomach acid with sodium bicarbonate, but not streptomycin treatment. A variety of common mouse strains were colonized by O1, O139, and non-O1/non-O139 strains. All combinations of mutants in the genes for hemolysin, the multifunctional, autoprocessing RTX toxin (MARTX), and hemagglutinin/protease were assessed, and it was found that hemolysin and MARTX are each sufficient for colonization after a low dose infection. Overall, this study suggests that, after intragastric inoculation, V. cholerae encounters barriers to infection including an acidic environment and an immediate immune response that is circumvented by sodium bicarbonate and the anti-inflammatory effects of ketamine-xylazine. After initial adherence in the small intestine, the bacteria are subjected to additional clearance mechanisms that are evaded by the independent toxic action of hemolysin or MARTX. Once colonization is established, it is suggested that, in humans, these now persisting bacteria initiate synthesis of the major virulence factors to cause cholera disease. This adult mouse model of intestinal V. cholerae infection, now well-characterized and fully optimized, should serve as a valuable tool for studies of pathogenesis and testing vaccine efficacy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.